Symptoms Of Parkinson s Disease - 1168 Words

Some people may know what Parkinson’s Disease is but not what it is capable of. Many may not even be aware that Parkinson’s Disease exists. Michele Tagliati, Gary N. Guten, and Jo Horne explain that â€Å"Parkinson’s Disease is a disease in a group of conditions called movement disorders -- disorders that result from a loss of the brain’s control on voluntary movement† (10). With this being said, a neurotransmitter in the brain called Dopamine sends signals to regions in the brain that are the control base of balance, movement, and coordination. Unfortunately, in a patient with Parkinson’s Disease the cells that produce Dopamine die quicker than in a healthy person. The number of people afflicted with Parkinson’s is rising. â€Å"It is†¦show more content†¦The symptoms are the factors for diagnosing Parkinson’s. The four major physical impairments in Moderate Parkinson’s Disease are tremors, Bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. To begin, the first major physical impairment in Moderate Parkinson’s Disease is tremors. Sharee A. Wiggins and RelayHealth explain, â€Å"Parkinsonian tremors are slow rhythmic, shaking movements. They are most obvious and bothersome when your hands are at rest. These kinds of movements are linked to the brain disorder called Parkinson’s Disease (par. 1). Tremors that occur in Parkinson’s Disease are the most common symptom. These occur due to the lack of Dopamine in the brain. This rather irritating symptom is present in most Parkinson’s patients. Normally this symptom occurs early in the disease. Tremors occur mostly in the hands and fingers, but can also show in the head, tongue, voice, trunk, and legs. According to Abraham N. Lieberman and Frank L. Williams, â€Å"Tremor is the most obvious symptom in Parkinson’s disease, affecting about 75 percent of all patients. Tremor generally occurs early in the course of the disease, but may never occur in all patients† (173). Tremors normally will occur on one side of the body, but as the disease progresses it can reach to more of the body affecting all body parts, such as the lips, jaw, and tongue. The diagnosis of

Tv Addiction Essays - 1048 Words

TV Addiction Marie Winn makes a convincing argument that watching too much television can be considered an addiction. Television has become a way of life for most families. Television viewing is so overwhelmingly prevalent nowadays that living without TV is often considered an extreme deprivation. TVs are everywhere, whether you are in a hospital, auto shop, or in the dentists office, theres always a television by the waiting area. Its a useful tool to help you from the boredom of waiting. Sure, people got other things to do and there are magazines lying around the table but people are more intrigue on what they see on the Jerry Springer Show. Television has been a part of most Americans lives and many spend hours of their†¦show more content†¦Some drug addicts use drugs as a medicine. They often use drugs to take the edge off stressful situations. Most of us use television as a tool to relax our minds after a hard day from work. Both TV and drugs have a similar effect on people by giving them satisfaction, relaxation, entertainment and putting them at ease. Drugs are a lot similar to television because it gives us temporary relief and relaxation. With drugs or alcohol, when the high fades, users want to get that high again. Same thing with television, people get so accustomed to having it, they cant stop wanting it. Once you are hooked on the program you are watching, you just cant miss watching and wanting more. Alcoholics or drug addicts lead a damaged life both socially and emotionally. It prevents users from maintaining relationships with their family and friends. Watching too much television has a negative effect on peoples lives. When viewers stare at the tube, it hardly requires any sort of interaction with others, so the viewers are less social with others. In many cases, television can lead to less quality time for most families. Families now spend more time watching television than engage in meaningful conversations with one another. It weakens relationships by reducing and sometimes eliminating normalShow MoreRelatedTv Addiction822 Words   |  4 PagesIn her essay, Tv Addiction, Marie Winn compares television addiction to other harmful habits, and tries to convince the reader that heavy television viewing is as harmful as drug and alcohol, and it should not be viewed differently than other serious addictions. In fact, the most important factor that backs up her argument is her simplified definition for the word addiction, which is a tendency to overindulge in some pleasurable activity. (608) However, thinking logically, we could seeRead MoreTv Addiction876 Words   |  4 PagesThe word â€Å"addiction† is often used loosely and wryly in conversation. People will refer to themselves as â€Å"mystery book addicts† or â€Å"cookie addicts.† E.B. White writes of his annual surge of interest in gardening: â€Å"We are hooked and are making an attempt to kick the habit.† Yet nobody really believes that reading mysteries or ordering seeds by catalogue is serious enough to be compared with addictions to heroin or alcohol. The word â€Å"addiction† is here used jokingl y to denote a tendency to overindulgeRead MoreInfluence of Cartoons on Kindergarteners Essay example556 Words   |  3 Pagesfeel more confident; They talk and behave in the same manner as their favorite characters -feel more comfortable and confident[4] Addiction ; Kindergarteners may spend too much time watching cartoons becoming addicted to it Table 1: positive and negative impacts of cartoons on kindergarteners. Potential lesson and principals Health problems and addiction to cartoons arrive from Kindergarteners watching too much cartoons and this can be prevented by limiting the time kindergarteners spendRead MoreTeens Spending Too Much Time On Technology1318 Words   |  6 Pagesor technology time can not only lead to low physical health, but self esteem drops, too which goes hand-in-hand with mental health. Help Guide s article titled Smartphone Addiction talks about â€Å"nomophobia† or otherwise known as Internet Addiction Disorder, which is common in today’s world. It says that internet addiction can cause an increase in loneliness, depression, anxiety, stress ADD, restless sleep, and even a change in one’s personality. Loneliness depression, and anxiety are all developedRead MoreEffects of Daily Media Use on Youth Obesity910 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of time spent on entertainment media in the mediums of TV, videogames, and any computer use. Less than 50% actually have rules and regulati ons on what video games they are allowed to play and what TV shows they can watch. However, I believe that daily media use among children and teens needs to be controlled. If it is not, this could potentially lead to negative ramifications, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, obesity, internet addiction, and negative effects on the brain. For a start, the carpalRead MoreHow Internet Chat Rooms Are Dangerous. During This Day1071 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday tasks, whether it is shopping, calculating number or typing papers. The internet is being used increasingly, it has expanded to the point that you can access not only from computers but from cellular devices such as phones iPods tablets and even TVs making it extremely accessible from any location, although the convenience is great at times it can also be very dangerous at times for people not using it correctly. For children and teens becoming more social via chat rooms, blogs, and other socialRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous Meeting Essay804 Words   |  4 Pages I have never experienced what it would be like to be a part of an AA meeting. The only time I have had seen or heard someone mention meetings for alcoholics has been TV shows and movies, which would portray these meeting as a circle of strangers just deliberating stories of their life and how this diseas e has changed them forever. Therefore, I had no idea what to expect. I felt intimidated and had a sense of nervousness, so I decided I would not go alone and brought a friend. My expectation uponRead MoreUnderstanding Addiction : How Addiction Develops The Brain Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagescortex (â€Å"Understanding Addiction: How Addiction Hijacks the Brain†). In â€Å"Violence in Movies, Music, and Media,† by Jeanne Nagle, dopamine is compared to a shot of a heavy-duty amphetamine (38). The entertainment an individual finds in shooting another person on a TV screen is the same as one who watches a violent movie that interests them as well. As dopamine is released, the brain naturally wants more as it is very addictive by nature (â€Å"Understanding Addiction: How Addiction Hijacks the Brain†). RosnerRead MoreTechnology Has Made Our Lives1684 Words   |  7 Pageswestern movie you saw on TV?   Google it, or you can ask Siri.   Siri knows just about eve rything; from where to find the best pad thai in your area to the time and channel the Jayhawks basketball game will be on.   Technology has made our lives easy and every question we have can be answered within seconds.   So, it comes to no surprise that many people might be addicted to their cell phones. Addicted?   What a strong word.   Technology isn’t a drug.   Ã‚  So, how can it be an addiction?   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   According toRead More Internet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) The Internet has become one of the most universal methods for communication with over 100 million users worldwide. From e-mail to the possibly billions of web pages, there is an infinite amount of information flowing. And another enticing aspect of the Internet, is the opportunity to interact with other people. Chat Rooms and MUD (Multi-User Dimensional) games offer the person the ability to talk and mingle with others online. But with

Petrol Station Culture Within The Global Architectural Landscape Free Essays

string(70) " unit area on the premiss to introduce the extremist metropolis type\." Fill’er Up: gasoline station civilization within the planetary architectural landscape Abstraction: ( concise summery – no more than 10 sentence ) Merely as man’s ability to multiply text and administer it around the around the universe bore a new epoch so did his ability to refile gasolene and globalized it 4 centuries subsequently. With all their velocity forward they may be a measure rearward in civilization – that is, in religious civilization. It may be that they will non add to the beauty of the universe, nor to the life of men’s psyches. We will write a custom essay sample on Petrol Station Culture Within The Global Architectural Landscape or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am non certain. But cars have come, and they bring a greater alteration in our life than most of us suspect. â€Å" I ‘m non certain he ‘s incorrect about cars, † he said. â€Å" With all their velocity forward they may be a measure rearward in civilization—that is, in religious civilisation. It may be that they will non add to the beauty of the universe, nor to the life of work forces ‘s psyche. I am non certain. But cars have come, and they bring a greater alteration in our life than most of us suspect. They are here, and about all outward things are traveling to be different because of what they bring. They are traveling to change war, and they are traveling to change peace. I think work forces ‘s heads are traveling to be changed in elusive ways because of cars ; merely how, though, I could barely think. But you ca n’t hold the huge outward alterations that they will do without some inward 1s, and it may be that George is right, and that the religious change will be bad for us. Possibly, ten or twenty old ages from now, if we can see the inw ard alteration in work forces by that clip, I should n’t be able to support the gasolene engine, but would hold to hold with him that cars ‘had no concern to be invented. ‘ † ~Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons, 1917 In 1942 Orson Welles wrote and directed an acclaimed movie version of the book Bourgeois enthusiasm 1950 – 60 s fuelling station design was inspired by a businessperson enthusiasm for travel velocity, freedom, main roads and new car design Lent novel attributes to go, doing it an exciting stimulating experience. Today exhilaration about the freedom of independent travel in one’s ain auto has changed to indifference and annoyance. Congestion and long drilling distances along a monotonously efficient main road, every bit good as the entire dependence upon the auto as a agency of effectual travel have changed the psychological science of travel from escapade to frenetic haste from point A to point B. This alteration is besides reflected in the design of fuelling Stationss. Rather than outstations chiefly serving the auto ( normally with an associated workshop ) , extremist metropoliss attempt to supply ace efficient points of repose functioning commuters. In an effort to germinate the design of main road Stationss, with the altering psychological science of travel, fuell ing companies have responded by maximizing efficiency of service and agreeableness in an attempt to supply a ‘calming’ environment in which to pass money. The workshops, dirt and oil have disappeared, clean and healthful lavatories, shadowing workss and lawn purpose to make oases along ‘inhospitable’ terrain. I will mention to this type as extremist metropolis, since this term speaks of the. as yet. unfulfilled possible it holds. Ultra Cities This type has held my attending, since it depends strongly on the high flows along another planetary phenomenon – the expressway, Autobahn, main road – strips of practical urbanism cutting through rural and urban landscape. In the South African context the main road has diverted flows from the high streets of towns and little metropoliss. The concern and informal endeavor reacting in portion to the visitants and commuters go throughing through have lost their backing, which is now catered for by ‘ultra cities’ competing for attending along the main road. Having none of the dynamic and character of the high street, this type performs as an unnaturally deep-rooted mini-urbanity. In rural countries the most up to day of the month consumer points in a 200km radius are offered. The extremist metropolis ‘s purely regulated transiency, nevertheless has prevented it from going a node around which local endeavor could turn and profit in a meaningful manner. Owing to the extremely competitory nature of the fuel industry, certain interesting developments have taken topographic point, puting bare a scope of potencies to be explored. thestandardizationof a peculiar image uninterrupted alterationof extra programme in the face of high fight the flawlessnessof a certain scientifically-based layout to guarantee smooth traffic handling and gross revenues extra comfortsssuch as eating houses, telephones, local home-made nutrient industry and jumping palaces local industryand markets are incorporated in certain instances ‘Sky decks ‘ , suspended eating houses, etc have been developed to understate doubling of plan and instill involvement in users different nutrient franchisesand local concern cater for a diverse patronage ( tourers, locals, taxis ) Contemporary developments include more programmatic options, making a wider scope of commercial maps for the commuter to prosecute with, every bit good as limited chances of single local endeavor. Transience is foisted on the commuter through a disregard in topographic point devising. This transiency, in portion is enforced by ordinances, but besides through the high turnover demands in pumping fuel. Any topographic point doing attempt or extra plan can be understood as devices helping higher fuel gross revenues. This position is held by fuel houses, since it is their concern to sell fuel merely. Thus the extremist metropolis has deserved as small enthusiasm as modern-day travel. A realization is clicking: better agreeableness and wider programmatic pick ( in the signifier of franchises ) , finally benefit fuel gross revenues in the face of highcompetition. It is besides for this ground that a site along the N1 on the border of Bloemfontein has been chosen, where several fuelling Stationss already thrive on high commuter flows. This scenario puts force per unit area on the premiss to introduce the extremist metropolis type. You read "Petrol Station Culture Within The Global Architectural Landscape" in category "Essay examples" The potency of the extremist metropolis as deep-rootedextremely accessible mini urbanitycan now be realised. In a sense a limited country or instead one point along the main road becomes acongested prosaic urbancircuit ( accessed by auto ) ; an alternate development to the congestion of the old high street. In a periphery status of a metropolis, an break along a limited entree main road becomes an interesting point, where thepotencies of fringe, main road, and high commuter flowsbecomeconcentratedIn Bloemfontein ‘s instance, a civic, political and cultural aspiration demands to be taken into full history, since this edifice will necessarily in its remarkable being as urban grounds along the N1 go an icon to the metropolis of Bloemfontein. Hybrid energy It has become accepted, that most extremist metropoliss cater in a bland mode for conventional in-between category commuters caught up in vacation, concern or day-to-day rites in which travel is a necessary load. Peoples are prepared to halt at the locale affording most convenience in fuelling, utilizing ablutions, eating fast nutrient and drawing out once more, – a short break on their journeys Can a new exhilaration be created where people choose to linger for a piece, take notice of a landscape, engage with a programme non strictly commercial, but one which allows for rest of head and organic structure before go forthing refreshed and stimulated, non irritated? Could such a topographic point be really successful commercially every bit good, and pull a wider scope of people for different grounds? A certain extremist metropolis near Harrysmith is frequented by locals. It offers an environment set in a beautiful landscape and assorted shopping, good feeding and relaxation installations. Some South Africans take their nuptials exposure in forepart of extremist metropoliss, since, in certain countries, they sport the lone piece of accessible landscaped garden as puting A new fuelling station in Midrand proposes a diner over the main road as a meeting point for executives. These observations point to place-making potency achieved through the programmatic enlargement of fuelling sites and an integrating with landscape and recognition of a wider context. This attack no uncertainty begs for an all inclusive, long term vision, which fuel pools seem to be tenuously developing towards in coaction with assorted local endeavors and national franchises. In planetary bad tendencies – programmatic barrage is employed to make concentrated, diverse enclaves in which the different maps are reciprocally prolonging to bring forth big user attending. Interesting bad undertakings like the one in Kempton Park, where amega-casinoandhotel composite includes the proviso ofacultural installation– atheaterandmuseum.( This vision was put frontward by Caesar ‘s Palace fromLas Vegas,whohave theresources to colonize the site. ) Performance The extremist metropolis has everything to make with public presentation. It has to show a extremely seeable option in fast moving traffic. Large flows of commuters need to be handled expeditiously and swimmingly. Commuters need to be safely guided on and off, through and out The main road needs to stay efficient in its limited entree. Today thepublic presentationof architecture has become more of import than itssignifier. Efficiency in managing big flows of traffic or users, entree, services, etc. , are standards, which dominate architecture of a certain graduated table Theensuing signifieris so frequently dad in a peculiar manner ( e.g. in historical attire ) , in entire antithesis to its contents. Alternatively the scientific factors of design frequently become aesthetic generators in their ain right, paying court to our machine and information age. What is frequently forgotten is human experience, which is thought plenty to be reduced to the answering of a set of NEUFERTS informations. The most powerful potency of architecture, to my head, is the power it has in suggesting future ways of life in our universe. Informed by the present position quo, New programmatic combinations can be set up enabling assorted maps and different users be brought together in new life, working, recreational and learning dealingss. Since we, and everything around us are invariably germinating, so should we as interior decorators in order to non simply reply to complex modern-day demands In our undertakings we can integrate an apprehension of a jutting hereafter world. In this manner we become proactive alternatively of reactive in playing out the portion we have in determining our environment. The auto Today autos are designed as swimmingly moulded capsules enveloping their users, protecting them on the inhospitable terrain of high ] speed travel. In the same sense a edifice following to or over the main road shelters its users from noise and danger while reacting to the captivation of watching ‘the universe shoot by* . The edifice performs on a figure of other degrees ; opening up to protected landscapes, reacting to climate, positions, spread outing and undertaking to let for assorted events, etc This premiss aids in building a edifice which performs a fraudulence of maps, triggers associations, creates awareness – here architecture’s public presentation transcends that of the auto in making antiphonal topographic points. Its building reflects these potencies in the same mode as does that of the auto, but besides reacts to its context with which it ties in and at the same clip separates itself from. Procedure Since covering with a national, even planetary phenomenon, it became evident, that this type can ‘land’ anyplace, where high traffic flows warrant it The higher these flows the more extremist inventions are justified, in order to vie with the, necessarily, already bing Stationss or possible future rivals These scenarios proved intriguing to me and pointed in the way of a future vision of the type and an probe into the nature of the main road. I decided to ship on a figure of geographic expeditions of different possible context for the extremist metropolis type. I anticipated, that these exercisings would inform each other and assist me happen a specific site and develop a brief How to cite Petrol Station Culture Within The Global Architectural Landscape, Essay examples

Essential Financial Elements of Budget †Free Samples to Students

Question: Diuscuss about the Essential Financial Elements of Budget. Answer: Introduction: Budget is financial expression that is used for a fixed period of time, which can be both planned and unplanned. The revenues and the sales records is an important part that is included within the budget. The budget also includes strategic plan that includes all the measurable unit of a business. The budget also includes the entire sum of money and the summary of all types of expenses and also consists of all the summary of fulfilling the expenditure. The reasons for planning are for asset portion, arranging, coordination, control and inspiration. It is additionally a critical apparatus for basic leadership, observing business execution and gauging pay and use. With appropriate planning, constrained assets are overseen effectively. Budget is an essential part of business as it gives the owner an opportunity to predict the level of profit. The financial performance of a company can also be predicted with the help of budget. The financial framework and important financial decisions are also an important part of the budget. It is important to manage the budget efficiently which will help to deal with all the expenditure of the business. Proper allocation of the budget helps to ensure that the money is spent properly and there is no wastage. Budgeting also helps to predict the financial and economical crisis situation.. Financial success of a business can also be predicted with the help of principles of budget. The budget also provides information about the total expenditure spend in a financial year. The success of the budget depends on the accuracy of information that is used in making the budget. The level of profit for the future can also be predicted with the help of budget. It is important to collect accurate financial information in order to prepare complete budget of a financial year. Timely preparation of the budget is also essential as late but it could cost financial loss of a company. All segments of the business are included within the budget. Employees from all the department of a company had been included in the budget making process. There is also a committee within the business whose role is to monitor the performance of budget and also make necessary changes and correction. Decisions that are made by the budget committee can have significant impact on the financial performance of a company. It is the duty of the budget committee to ensure that all the resources are used properly. They also need to set certain benchmark to determine the performance of the company. Hence, the duty of the budget committee is regarded as one of the most crucial job of business. Organizational charts are used as a part of budget construction process. Each component of the chart is involved in the process of budget making. All the information that are available in the organizational chart needs to be compiled together in order to make an overall planned budget. With the help of all the information a critically well a critically well planned budget can be prepared. The entries of the organisational chart follow a top-down mandate. There is also bottom up rule that is used by some of the business. There are various types of budgets that are used by various types of business depending up on the Assets and revenue. Master Budget: this is regarded as the most aggregate type of companys budget that aims to design the complete picture of the financial activities of a company. All important parameters like sales assets operating and income streams are all included within the master budget. The overall aim of the master budget is to evaluate the performance of the company. Which type of budget is mainly used in large scale companies keep a track record of individual employees. Cash Flow Budget: the track record of cash flow in and out is kept with the help of this type of budget which is within a definite time period. With the help of this budget the inflow of cash within a company can be managed efficiently. Factors such as accounts payable and accounts receivable are monitored with the help of this kind of budget. The future prediction of cash flow can also be made. The future cost of companys raw material can also be predicted. Financial Budget: With the help of financial budget a company is able to deal with strategy regarding acid cash flow expense and income. The total financial picture and health of a company can usually be derived with the help of financial budget. The stock value of the share of company can also be calculated and predicted with the help of financial budget. There are two options, which have been considered by Archer. The first option is increasing the cost of advertisement by $600 per month. The second option is to improve the quality of materials that is used in the manufacturing process unit. As the quality of the material will be improved it will increase the cost of the goods sold by 65%. Nevertheless it will be also provide better sales for the same amount of product being sold. The marketing manager of the company has predicted that using either of the option will result in increase of sale by 25% per month which was otherwise 20% previously. Archer Company prepare its budget on 31st March 2016 which is the end of the first quarter of a financial year. In applying both the options the sales remains the same where is the cost of goods that are being sold will increase by 65% of the sales revenue the gross profit can be calculated by subtracting the sales value from the cost of goods that are sold. The gross profit in case of the first option is higher than that in the second option. In case of first option the cost of sales and advertising very increased by $600 per month. The net income tax on total earning of the company is calculated by considering revenue and subtracting the overall cost of the business that is spend on income tax and other business tax. Conclusion: The statement of the budget income contains all of the line items that is found in normal statement of income. The projection is the only exception in this case of the level of income statement that is predicted for the future budget. This thing is generally comp I'll from number of other budgets and the accuracy level may vary on real scale. The statement for budgeted income is one of the essential financial elements of a company that is used for testing the financial performance and the future of a company. When the budget income statement is used in combination with budgeted balance sheet it also helps to reveal the scenario that may not be financially supported. For example, in case when the company is under which debt cannot be predicted. The remedy for this situation can be done by altering the budget plans.

Night Terrors Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Sleep Disorders

Night Terrors Night Terrors Night terrors are relatively common occurrence that appears mostly in young children typically between the ages of three and five year olds. A night terror usually occurs after the child goes to bed. Night terrors can be hereditary. If you or your spouse had them as a young child, most likely your child will get them too. Night Terrors are not harming to your child. It is best if they just sleep through it because when they wake up it is likley for them to not remember a thing about it. (http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/behavior/nightter.htm.) A night terror is not the same thing as a nightmare. Nightmares occur during the dream phase of sleep known as the REM sleep. A nightmare will frighten the child who will wake up and tell you all about it. A night terror will occur after 90 minutes after the child goes to sleep. In a night terror the persons eyes can be wide open and will still be a sleep. When the child does wake up from the night terror they cant usually explain what happened. However some can remember the whole thing and some can remember portions of it.(http/www2.micro-net.com.) Some symptoms and facts of night terrors are screaming, sweating, confusion, rapid heart rate, unable to explain what happened. FACTS OF NIGHT TERRORS run in families are not dangerous can last 10-2o minutes Can happen at any age 6months to 100 years old. Why does your child have night terrors? Fatigue and psychological stress may also play roles in their occurrence. Its important that your child gets plenty of rest. Beware of things that may be upsetting to you child. Try to cut down the stress that your child will be having. The night terror usually occurs at the same time everynight. Doctors suggest that you wake up your child 30-minutes before the night terror usually happens. Have your child talk to you. Keep her talking for at least five minutes. Then let her go back to sleep. Night terrors are frightening but not harmful.(http.www.kids health.prg/parent/behavior/nightter.html) Doctors say that its best for you to let the episode run its course. Skating your child up and Screaming at them will only make them agitated more. You should always worhouse guests, babysitters family members of the problem so no one gets frighten. There is really no cure for night Terrors or nightmares. Just always remember let then rub there course your child can not be harmed for them. Allow yourself to be available when they wake up to listen or comfort them. Psychology

The Power of Language Essay Example

The Power of Language Essay Example The Power of Language Essay The Power of Language Essay The Power of Language Nowadays, more and more Chinese migrants, who use English as their second language, live and work in America. We can call them â€Å"bilingual† since they can speak both English and their mother tongueChinese. However, although many Chinese migrants can talk with others with very fluent English, many native speakers sometimes find it is hard to understand what these Chinese people have said. Some Chinese linguists who are in the union CMAU argue that with the age-old culture, Chinese have already formed their own style of expressing things. And this style may not be changed because it reflects their thoughts which have already formed by their unique culture. However, in Amy Tan’s personal essay â€Å"Mother Tongue†, the narrator used her own experience to show how her mother’s simple language influence her and changed her attitude to this Chinese-styled English from negative to positive in an unconscious way, and finally formed her identity of language in study and fiction writing. This kind of change in language may seem difficult for many people. But Amy Tan is different. To see something about her background, it can be found that although she is an American and received American-styled education, her parents were all born in China and received Chinese-styled education. That makes things different because she had double identities in her life: as a student in school and as the daughter in her family. And she spoke regular English with her classmates and simple English to her mother. Tan’s attitude toward her mother’s language was often negative when she was young. In fact, it is easy for readers to guess which kind of language Amy Tan preferred when she was young because she did not know anything about Benjie2 Chinese culture. The narrator shows her attitude to her mother’s language by saying â€Å"I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say† (28). The narrator then explains that her shame came from observing â€Å"the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did hear her† (29). The reason might seem superficial or even a little snobbish to readers. But it will easily be accepted because she was so young that she did not realize that her mother’s speech reflected the culture of Chinese. In the present, the narrator gives the readers some information about her first view of her mother’s language. This point causes the readers to think how her view is changed, and also begin her process of her language identity’s formation. Everything which changes must have a cause. And the change of Amy Tan’s view of her mother’s language is not an exception. The narrator used two stories to show how this kind of identity in language was formed. The one is her mother â€Å"used to have me call people on the phone to pretend I was she† (29). And in the process of pretending to be her mother on the phone, Amy Tan had gradually formed her identity in language because she had to continuously translate her mother’s broken English into regular English. This may have had an impact on her thoughts because she had to think using her mother’s style of language in order to translate what her mother’s wanted done. Then the narrator tells another story about her and her mother’s experience in the hospital, which is â€Å"a similar routine† but gives readers a deeper impression about the process of how her dealing with her mother’s language changed the author’s view of language. And the narrator also indicates her mother’s character by describing her mother said â€Å"she wouldn’t budge† (29). When the doctors wouldn’t serve her as she wanted, in this case, Tan talks for her mother but doesn’t pretend to be her and gets easily what her mother couldn’t. The narrator does not say so but the reader gets the Benjie3 feeling that she felt that her mother was unfairly treated mainly because of her language. What is a shame here then is not her mother but the doctors’ actions. The fact that the narrator doesn’t explain shows how her change in attitude toward her mother’s speech from negative to more positive happened over time and mostly unconsciously. In fact, to show this unconscious change the narrator has already indicated details at the beginning of this essay. When she talked about a lecture which was given to both an ordinary audience and to her mother, she was â€Å"made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use† (27) She then says â€Å"The talk was going along well enough, until I remembered on major difference†(27) That is she was using the kind of English which â€Å"I have never used with her†(27). These details, especially her surprise, indicate that the author did not feel her attitude change about the difference in language between her mother and other people until the recent lecture. Thus, all her formation of her identity in language is not self-conscious. And all the reminiscence about her language identity formation was only after her awareness of the importance in her life of dealing with the different language she used between her and her mother. Until now, the narrator successfully narrates her gradual formed identity in language which was influenced by her mother without awareness. Different identity must have different effect on study or work. The narrator demonstrates this point of view by using her unique experience both in school and her career. In her view, there is a difference between her and other people in language skill development. Because she was born in an immigrant family, her language skills were more influenced by her family than her peers. From here, the narrator has already related her formed identity in language to her study. To provide evidence of what she says, she gives the experience of her tests in school. She says:â€Å"While my English skills were never judged as poor, compared to math, English could not be considered my strong suit†(29)This will cause readers to think why as a famous fiction writer, English is not the Benjie4 strong suit for Amy Tan’s school study? Why was she good at math? The narrator answers these questions by simple saying â€Å"Math is precise; there is only one correct answer† (30). From this statement, it is not hard to think about Amy Tan’s new formed identity- the simple but precise language which was passed on by her mother. Then the narrator takes two examples from the English tests to show the reason why she can’t do well in these abstract tests. Readers can easy find the reason by reading the narrator’s conclusion about a test situation with â€Å"Tom† and â€Å"Mary†: â€Å"according to my mother, there were very few limitations as to what Tom could have been and what Mary might have thought of him†(30). Also, from what the narrator says, we can also find some details about her altitude to this simple language, from â€Å"broken† to â€Å"precise†, that shows the author had already accepted this identity in language. In fact, as a writer Tam comes to reject the complicated and vogue and favor the simple. For saying something about the identity’s impact on the Amy Tan’s career, the narrator firstly quotes some questions which she was asked by others â€Å" Why there are not more Asian Americans enrolled in creative writing programs? Why do so many Chinese students go into engineering? †(30) The narrator didn’t answer the questions. Instead, she tells something about Chinese students’ performance in math achievement tests and English tests. In fact, the narrator wants to give space for readers to think, to ponder why this phenomenon happens. And it is easy for readers to relate this phenomenon to the narrator’s identity in language. That must be the most important thing the narrator wants to do: to show how powerful language is. It makes impacts on all parts of our life, no matter in study or work. Lately, the narrator illustrates how she changed her style of writing from â€Å"wittily crafted English† to â€Å"simple English†, and then she formed her unique writing style. At the end of the story, the narrator says â€Å"apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded† (31). From now, we can find that the Amy Tan’s identity in Benjie5 language has already changed. The altitude to her mother’s Chinese-styled English changed from â€Å"broken† to â€Å"simple†, then she felt â€Å"succeeded† by using her own simple language in writing fictions. Although Amy Tan is a fiction writer, her purpose to write this personal essay is not to do any literature research, just as she says â€Å"I am not a scholar of English or literature† and â€Å"I am someone who has always loved language† (27). Thus, it may be more easily to cause readers to think of the relationship between language and their identity because she used so many personal experiences which may be also occur in our daily. To think about the title of the story â€Å"mother tongue†, it will also cause readers to ponder what is Amy Tan’s real mother tongue? She was born in America and speaks English as native speaker, but her identity of her language, is gradual formed by her mother’s Chinese-styled English influence. Thus, the narrator gives something for readers to consider and to give answers. In a word, the role of language in Amy Tan’s identity must be significant. It gradually formed her precise thoughts in tests and simple writing style in her fictions. It causes readers to deeply think about if the â€Å"broken† language is really broken, and if this kind of language will also be used in their future life. And they may find the answer when they are greeting people using the also broken phrase â€Å"long time no see†. Work Cited Amy Tan. â€Å"Mother Tongue† Writing As Revision. Ed. EdthAlvarado and Barbara Cully. 2010. 27-31. Print

Art of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art of war - Essay Example I chose this quote because I understand the important role played by human labor in accomplishing any activity. This quote is relevant because people are the most important resource that any organization or company can have. Regardless of the nature of the organization or the type of activity being undertaken, the human resource is very important. Unfortunately, not all organizations or companies reward their people for the efforts they put in. This quote therefore helps us understand and appreciate the important role played by people in an organization or company. In the workplace setting, this quote can cause the management to come up with reward programs for their employees. In order to get the best of employees, organizations need to reward them for the work performed. Through this quote, managers can be made to understand the importance of keeping a motivated workforce as a recipe for success. For example, a company may come up with a policy of taking its employees for holiday every month as an appreciation for their efforts. Regardless of the reward programs adopted, this quote can cause senior management to rethink of how it treats its

Legal Aspects Associated With Performance Management Programs Assignment

Legal Aspects Associated With Performance Management Programs - Assignment Example This is however not the case as such laws that infringe on the rights of employees in terms of workplace opportunities could go long ways to land the organization in serious legal tussle and litigation. Employing and including the successes of a legal representative in such sensitive but easily forsaken issues is thus considered a step in the right direction. In order to safely address employee issues governed by these laws without violating them, the human resource personnel must respect the concept of division of labor and allow the right person to work where necessary. That is, legal advice should be taken from the company’s lawyers and rightly applied. Once this is done, it is not expected that any laws will be violated as the lawyers will be in the best position to give the right interpretation of the laws. As far as consequences are concerned, there a number of them, depending on how affected employees decide to take up issues (Hellqvist, 2011). In the worst case scenario, an aggrieved employee can sue the organization for acts of discrimination which prevented them from developing themselves. Also, because the laws are made in relation to employee performance, violating them could come with the consequence of forfeiting any benefits that employee development could have brought to the organization. Last but not least, such violations could lead to negative publicity for the

Paris Garbage Transport via Inland Waterways Essay

Paris Garbage Transport via Inland Waterways - Essay Example Selection of an environmental friendly method for waste transportation becomes necessary for such a situation. For better understanding of the whole process of garbage transport through inland waterways, we can select the port of Lille in France. All the collected waste are not transported, instead a part is processed where it has been created especially for agriculture, mining and construction. Household wastes are put into 20 open top containers having capacity of 10 tons per container in the Collection Centre of Sequedin. The containers are transported from Sequedin to the 3km distant Port of Lille by truck. With the Ampiroll system containers are released on the terminal by the truck itself. Containers are loaded into the barge by the scaffold crane. The barge navigates to the landfill site of Blaringhem which is at a distance of 63 km. In Blaringhem, containers are unloaded by a super stacker and cleared in the spot. Empty containers are loaded into the barge and the vessel returns in the opposite direction. Since June 1999, estimatedly 76 000 Teu's were transported this way. In 2005, t he 7 314 containers transported this way reduced the quantity of CO produced through the transport by half and the quantity of energy consummation by one third. Recycling, reuse and valorizing waste is good for environment. The process of garbage disposal through waterways is more environmental friendly as it needs less land filling, less wasting of money and less consumption of natural resources. Also Inland Ports have the experience of terminals with up to date material and large traffic management.Cities and services in charge of waste have skills for waste collection, waste processing and waste valorization. Inlands Ports can be reliable and competent partners for companies or organizations that are in charge of waste management. Syctom in Paris, a household waste treatment company managing 2.5 milliontons/year of municipal solid waste in the Paris area for the past 10 years has encouraged sustainable transport solutions for the huge waste flows generated by an urban region like Paris. Its contract passed with the paper company UPM Kymmene is a unique and fine example of an innovating solution. Shipping waste consisting of collected old newspapers and magazines for recycling to Grand-Couronne has been in operation since 2005 with an 800 tones motor barge outfitted with an onboard crane. Now UPM Kymmene will send the newly manufactured paper rolls by ship to Paris and will be used to print daily newspapers and magazines. This 1,800 tones vessel takes on board 30'45 ft pallet wide' containers to and from Grand-Couronne and operates twice a week. The operation substitutes 4,200 truck movements and this volume is set to go up. Paris is conducting a pilot study to examine the prospect of transporting recyclable glass using inland waterway transport. Every year, 2,500 truck movements are necessary to transport glass collected from public glass deposit bins to the processing center in Rozet Saint-Albin, in Aisne. A first test using river transport as a substitute was carried out between Gennevilliers and the processing center through the port of Soissons along the Seine and the Oise. Currently Paris transports more than 2.5 million tones of wasteby river, among which are ashes, papers, plastics, and bulk, industrialand building material waste. In February 2005, The Council of

Use of Technology to curb crimes in sri Lanka

Use of Technology to curb crimes in sri Lanka INTRODUCTION Crime rates Sri Lanka is continued to grow like a social melanoma since 1944. New methods are required in order to take decisions regarding a crime. In such an occasion, the court of law takes assistance of criminology. Main components of the criminology are zoology, chemistry, physics, computer science, statistics, and mathematics. The capital punishment is not reopened with human rights point of view. Unfortunately nowadays we observe that the crimes are so common occurrence in our country. Criminals search for numerous ways in order to commit crimes with the use of advance of the technology. All crime searching mechanisms of our country should be modified with the modern high technology methods in order to curb crimes. Not only the policies of a country, but also techniques which we use to prevent crimes contribute to the increase of the crime rates. 2 Being a democratic country, we do not practice capital punishment regarding offenders. The rate of crimes could be reduced certain extent utilizing the new technology. More over poverty contributes to increase the crime rate of our country. 3. Most of crimes are not reported or not recorded, not followed through, or not able to be proved.   Every crime violates the law, while every violation of the law does not count as a crime. As an example:  breaches of contact  are ranked as offence under the civil law, but it is not considered as a crime. AIM 4. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of technology to curb crimes and to maintain the law and order in Sri Lanka. HISTORY 5. The idea of crime came from legendary or mythology. Some religious communities consider crime as a sin. Good religious preachings had pointed out the consequences of committing crimes in historical books. Searching criminals and punishing them is a judiciary process in order to minimize the crime rate of a country or a society. Further the Department of Police has responsibility to submit offenders to the courts. The father of the criminology is considered as professor Edmond Lokard. He made a famous saying that every touch makes substances. 6. Sri Lanka practiced a court system for criminals in the history called Raja Sabha and it was an evidence based methodology which had been used to identify the criminals. Presently Sri Lanka use modern technology to detect crimes to a certain extent.    REASONS FOR CRIMES 7. Basically crimes in our country are taken place because of following reasons. Some of these reasons could be controlled with using modern technology for a certain extent. Those reasons are as follows: a. Poverty of the country. b. Morale values. c. Education of the citizens. d. Religious motivation. e. Social problems. f. Public perception. g. Gun culture. h. Drugs usage/drugs trafficking/illicit drugs. i. Degrading minorities. PRESENT PROCEDURE ON CRIMES IN SRI LANKA 8. Crime can be classified into categories as follows: a. Crimes against property. b. Crimes against Public order. c. Crimes in form of violent. 9. Mainly police handle crimes. When there is requirement of using technology, the police make use the police officers who are well trained on criminal investigation. these officers are called Scene of Crime Officers (SOCO). Once after recover any crime, the police produced relevant suspect or suspects in front of the courts. If not, the police carry out investigation on the order of the court. 10. Magistrates court or a High Court is having primary jurisdiction in the cases of crimes. The respective legal domains are provided by the Code of Criminal Procedure. REQUIREMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN CRIMES DETECTION 11. Ordinary people commit crimes normally. Legal personals and police personal who are trained in handling crimes may also commit crimes. Then the detection of crimes is difficult. 12. Presently the advance technologies are used for crimes. Therefore, detection of crimes is not easy task like the ancient era. 13. Sri Lanka being a third world country the techniques used for crime prevention is in an infant age. Sri Lankan Crime statistics shows that most of crimes are pending on investigation giving us some idea about the investigation system of our country. Most of occasions technological failure paved way for the pending investigations. As examples following statistics relevant to the grave crimes indicate that we are to go for new technology: Ser no Year Total no of grave crimes Pending on investigation 1. 2010 27024 15959 2. 2009 57182 28448 3. 2008 60693 29800 4. 2007 56215 27009 5. 2006 60932 28650 (Source: Web Site Department of Police, Sri Lanka) 14. Since we faced 30 years war in recent past, most of people are trained on handling weapons. Some weapons may be remained in underground. There may be so many explosives and weapons which have not been detected by security forces. Though it is not imminent but some time later on, there is a tendency to increase crimes in account of these hidden items. .15. There were instances where some people tried to print money with common use of computer technology. With the available internet facilities, some people try to get knowledge for crimes. Some people may maintain contacts with foreign terrorists groups and criminals using intent facilities and other public communication systems. 16. General use of mobile phone also may be contributed for organized crimes. It is provided connectivity among criminals or criminal organizations. With commercial aim any one is permitted to get mobile connection without revealing so many personal particulars. Some body may use this easiness of mobile connectivity to achieve criminal objectives. Intelligence sources are bound with the existing law to do their operation freely. But when we are using modern technology to reveal these it is very much speed as well as efficient and effective. 17. .During the last three decades of war in Sri Lanka, when military forces achieved some gains in north, the consequences were in Colombo. Colombo is the economic hub of Sri Lanka. Any terrorists or any criminal can make grave losses to the economy of Sri Lanka if he or she targets on economic vulnerable places in Colombo. Some time it was revealed that LTTE carders used national identity card with a Muslim name. With using those identity cards they managed to come to Colombo. 18. Banks and other financial institution in our country give chance for anyone to open bank account in their banks. Minimum attention is given to the circulation of money in the account. Criminals can operate somewhere but handler of the criminals may be in somewhere. Even in the Minister Jeyaraj Fernandopulles case: it was revealed that the criminal had another identity card with a Tamil name which he had use to open a bank account to facilitate his expenses. 19. Our security forces ways of searching people and questioning people are not yet improved. It requires modification with new technology. Old searching methods of people are not suit for the present requirements. As an example: the Minister Jeyaraj Fernandopulles case, the police arrested a Tamil girl for questioning about the handler and the suicide bomber and she committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule whilst in custody. In this instance, police found that the capsule had been hidden inside her vagina to avoid detection. 20. There were some abnormal cases where father raped his daughter or grandfather raped her innocent granddaughter. Since society is so much cruel there should be effective way to identify those offenders removing there voluble curtain like father or grandfather. TECHNOLOGY IN PRESENT FOR DETECTION OF CRIMES 21. Present technology to detect crimes can be considered as a guide for Sri Lanka crime prevention technology. During last humanitarian war period, the Terrorist Investigation Division (TID) and the CID of the Sri Lanka Police, were able to detect many sophisticated communication equipment of the LTTE and have arrested many LTTE cadres operating in Colombo with using modern technology. This paved the way for Colombo to be relatively free of incidents. 22. Any criminal from center part of the country may rape an innocent girl in south or north. He may escape without giving any evidence. But since DNA technology is used it is easy to find the suspect. But there is a problem with the cost of DNA research. 23. To judge the time of a murder, researches are conducted on skulk of a human body or else any other parts. It is sometimes help to identify criminals. 24. As technology continues to develop, the accuracy of information is increased. In August 2000 the accuracy of GPS signals was within 2 meters. We can use this technology for crime prevention. 25. Our preventive measures involve an increase in standard domestic intelligence. Understanding of terrorist functions increases the ability to prevent terror attacks effectively. 26. If suspect persons any cell of body excluding blood is remained as evidence, genetic code is to be tested. It may be his strait of hair, any small cell of the body. In case of a rape, criminals can be detected with following: a. Trees and soil of the place where the rape was taken place. b. Some patches taken place when trying to escape. c. Any strings of hair of the offender, d. Sperm of the offender. e. Suspected persons cloths. f. Any small injuries during the rape. 27. Observation of the Place of Crime. Following new technology are used in a place of crime. a. Use camera for surveillance. b. Storing data with a computer. c. Photographing using sensible camera. d. Storing of evidence with using computer. 28. Touching Evidence. Touching evidence is very much important in criminology. Basic consideration is paved for substance of physical components. Fingerprints are very much important evidence. New technology can be used for identifying fingerprints, recording fingerprints, scanning the small evidence materials, deciding time of a crime, where normal eye cannot identify the small substance. Touching evidence are used for following fields of crimes: a. Vehicle accident b. smuggling 29. Weapons and Explosives Weapons and explosives are used for crimes. There are so many types of explosives which are in used. Explosives can be a one chemical or compound. It may be a solid or liquid. Now explosives detectors are used. Since the new mine detectors are most effective they can be used for detection purposes. PROBLEMS 30. With considering nature of the crimes, tendency of the criminals, there is a higher requirement to use the modern technology. Following problems are identified in order to use the technology in reducing crimes and maintaining law and order of the country. Those difficulties are as follows: a. Since a considerable time Sri Lankan police service has using communications equipments to communicate with each police station. But when we consider the security, speed, efficiency it is too behind with the requirements. b. There is a vaccum of capable police personals to be used in crime detection purposes and technology handling. c. Morden fire arms are used by criminals d. In competitive world explosives are introduced with so many forms. e. Research on DNA is very much expensive. But it will help to identify criminals. Lack of researchers to do DNA tests is another problem. f. there is a lack of laboratory facilities with modern technology to detect crimes. g. Preventing crime is easy rather than searching after committed a crime and it is saving voluble properties in the form of man power or material. h. Drugs trafficking is a major issue. i. There are some places where crimes are repeating. Police dominance of the area is not enough to control the crimes. Sometimes there is a specific time which crimes are repeating. j. As per the common practice of law of our country, which trial a case in a court not suitable for some cases. As an example a real criminal may be escape from the punishment if a talent lawyer talks on behalf of him. He has to spend a great deal of money to get advices and service of the lawyer. And same manner an innocent man may be convicted for a crime if he is not taking assistance from a good layer. k. Our countrys judiciary system is functioning well. But in criminal cases pending on trial cases are very much high since the criminal cases are to be proved beyond the reasonable doubt. It requires some modification. In modern technology computers can be feed with intelligence and our penal code as well as other laws which help to take the decisions. Then the judgment could be taken without delay. l. Normal tendency of an offender is to do the offence habitually. When we consider about the data of a local police station this is a common tendency. Normally inquiries are recorded in a book. For minor offences are neglected for first or second times. Then someone may compel to do the crimes. Because the police have to search in so many books some offenders past behavior may be hidden. If a police station got a data source which can available immediately police can go for a study of any offenders history. As a result even a minor offences are repeated, the offender is to be punished to avoid crimes. When we consider about few criminals it is common truth that they have initially done small offences and later on crimes. m. Vehicles are being used by so many types of people. Criminals are also using vehicles. Criminals may commit a crime in a far away distance, and come back in few minutes using vehicles. Then tracking the criminals using search dogs is much difficult. n. Emergency telephone numbers which were published by the Department of Police are commonly use by the general public. That will help Police personals to locate the place of crimes and take actions without delay. For example 119 and 118 numbers are commonly used. But most of times these numbers are engaged with some conversations. o. Sudden provocations are making so many crimes in our country. When we consider about crimes history of our country it is so much clear. We can use modern technology to enhance the patient ability of such selected group of people with using computer games. p. Punishment may be helped to reduce crimes to some extent. But if we are going for a major reduction of the crimes in Sri Lanka following crimes generating areas are to be addressed giving reasonable solutions with using modern technology. q. In some occasions fingerprints are being used to identify the criminals. The fingerprint system had been used by prehistoric people. 31. There are numbers of poisons which are used in Sri Lanka for making crimes in the form of murder, committing suicide, homicide, culpable homicides. There is a new tendency in Sri Lanka for abortions with using illicit means. When in such a case researches on the victims body is to be carried out. New technology is used for those researchers. There is a scarcity of laboratory facilities with modern technology for these purposes. SUMMERY 32. Considerable number of reason is contributing to increase crimes in Sri Lanka. Controlling crimes is a need of hour in the country. In the process of controlling the crimes, Sri Lanka may face some barriers. Reconciling those barriers is required to reduce the crimes. Reducing crimes will help to maintain the peace and order of the country. RECOMMENDATIONS 33 It is recommended that: a. Every police station is to be provided with LAN and WAN system to impart information quickly. b. In order to reduce pending investigations of crime, police personals should be provided training on special equipments which are used for crime detection. c. Selected police personals should be provided with training on special arms which small in size. d. All police personals to be trained to identify various explosives. New equipment to identify explosives is proposed to import. e. Studies on DNA to expose crime can be expanding under the guidance of the government of Sri Lanka. f. In order to detect crimes there is a requirement to enhance laboratory facilities. g. Most of financial institution, government money lending institutions, and even some large scale business places are advised to fit camera and associate security systems with using computers to identify criminals. h. House can be secured with fixing small electronic alert equipment which is not expensive. i. Vehicles can be fixed with special remote sensible alert system. Costs of this equipment are very less but must be produced in larger scale. h. Media and other new technical ways and means can be utilized to educate people. Even in films may also be subjected to give the message to general public. i. With good intelligence combine with technology, will reduce drugs trafficking rate. On the other hand it will help to minimize other crime pertaining to robbery. j. New technology to detect crimes with using satellite, radar system or any other technology means of detection methods. k. National identity card which we are using can be produced by some body. In order to enhance security system of national identity card some magnetic sensitive identity(bar coded) card can be introduced. Though it is expensive at the beginning it will be reduced the large scale property damages and the cost of the detection of crimes. l. New technologies for detection of communication in the form of telephone, mobile phone and internet means of communication to be introduced for crime detection personals. m. By using technology the detection process to be accelerated to suit with future requirements n. We need new technology as well as specialized knowledge on computer and internet. o. Media got so many responsibilities to prevention of crimes. But some instance media also contribute to produce criminals. Media in terms of government and private sector is to be used for preventing crimes.

Othello: the Abnormal Behaviors and Happenings Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: the Abnormal Behaviors and Happenings  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The audience finds in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello a curious collection of abnormal behaviors and happenings. In this paper let us examine in detail the abnormalities.    In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack defends the Moor as one who is not necessarily the victim of a psychological deficiency, as some critics maintain:    What should be noticed in particular is that, essentially, Shakespeare invented Iago; set him down in his dramatis personae with the single epithet â€Å"a villain†; and devoted most of the play’s lines and scenes to showing in detail the cunning, malignancy, and cruelty of his nature, including the cowardice of his murder of his wife. It seems to me therefore impossible to believe, as some recent critics would have us do, that the root causes of Othello’s ruin are to be sought in some profound moral or psychological deficiency peculiar to him. (137)    A more obvious example of the irregular appears in the conduct of Iago. The abnormal behavior of the ancient is partly rooted in his misogynism. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable of any other perspective on women than a sexist one:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and... ...normal psychology. (89-90)    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.   

Global Business Cultural Analysis: Singapore Essay

Abstract This research paper will conduct a comprehensive Global Business Cultural Analysis of the nation of Singapore. The paper will point out the complexities of the relationship the US should consider before deciding to conduct business in Singapore. The analysis will explore the major elements and dimensions of Singapore’s culture, how these elements and dimensions are integrated by locals conducting business in the nation of Singapore, how these factors compare with US culture and business, and address implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in Singapore. History and Geography Singapore, or the Republic of Singapore, was founded in 1819 as a British trading colony. It is located on the major sea route between India and China. Singapore is known today as one of the most prosperous countries and boasts the world’s busiest port. It is clean and orderly, and since becoming an independent country, Singapore is one of the least corrupt countries in the world. Because of such positive characteristics, multinational countries seek to do business in Singapore. Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. Singapore is a parliamentary democracy and gained its independence in 1965. It is a multi-racial, multi-lingual, and multi-religious society consisting of four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. Under the leadership of Lee Kwan Yew as prime minister, Singapore has developed into one of the cleanest, safest, and most economically prosperous cities in Asia. Si ngapore is the world’s fourth leading financial center, and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world (De Prato, 2013). In order to understand the development of Singapore, we must first take a look into Singapore’s history. During the 16th and 19th century, the Malay Archipelago was taken over by the European colonial powers. The Dutch  controlled most of the ports in the region and established a monopoly over trade within the Archipelago region. At this time, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the British colony. During his reign, the trade route between China and British India passed through Archipelago. Raffles hoped to challenge the Dutch restrictions on trade by opening a new port. Once he received the funding, Raffles found an island that possessed a natural deep harbor, fresh water supplies and timber for upcoming ships. The island was named â€Å"the Lion City.† According to legend, when the Prince of Palembang, Sang Nila Tama, landed on the island, he saw an animal that was probably a tiger, but he mistook it for a lion, and so he named the island, Singa Pura, or â€Å"Lion City† (Singapore Country Report, 2003). Raffles rallied together with Temenggong Abdur Rahman, who headed a small Malay settlement, signed a treaty giving them rights to establish a tradi ng port. After the treaty was signed, modern day Singapore was established. The people of Singapore made up around 1000 in population and, due to migration from Malaya and other parts of Asia, population grew to 100,000. Raffles was prohibited from collecting port duties during the beginning operations of the port because the port was a free port. This news spread quickly and by 1825, trade volume increased. A second treaty was signed by John Crawford in 1823, giving the British access to much of the land and subjecting the island to British law. Under this law, Singapore had to take into account Malay customs, traditions, and religion. In 1826, the British settlements of Malacca, Penang, and Singapore were combined to form the Colony of the Straights Settlement (Business Source Complete, 2012). In the years between the 19th and the 20th centuries, the British established protectorates over the Malay sultanates on the peninsula. Large scale rubber and tin production as well as a system of public administration were developed during the British rule. The British had much control until World War II. After the war, territories of peninsular Malaysia joined together to form the Federation of Malaya in 1948. In 1963, the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah joined the federation, which was renamed Malaysia (Business Source Complete, 2012). After becoming independent, Singapore faced many dangers: the threat of an attack by the Indonesian military and forcible re-integration into the Malaysia Federation on unfavorable terms. Singapore’s survival was in question. Unemployment,  housing, education and the lack of resources and land were also pressing problems. Singapore then joined the United Nations and the Commonwealth. Sinnathamby Rajaratnam was prime minister and he helped with developing diplomatic relations with other countries. The service and manufacturing sector grew. Singapore also attracted big oil companies like Shell and Esso. Education became a major focal point and English was adopted as the language of instruction. The government also emphasized training to develop a more suitable workforce. What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in Singapore? Communication Culture represents the historical experience of a people, is embedded in their institutions, and shapes their attitudes and expectations about the world (Zakaria, 2012). First, let’s begin with communication. Singapore has four major spoken languages: Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, and English. English is the most common language spoken which is very important in terms of conducting international business. Most of the schools in Singapore teach English as the first language. These two factors create a favorable advantage to doing business in Singapore. With Singapore’s port being one of the busiest in the world, English teaching and English speaking has proven to be a positive factor in conducting business. A business partner, with good English speaking background has very little difficulty in communicating with locals. Another positive factor besides Singapore’s multilingual background is its multi-ethnic blend. Ethnic Chinese people speak both Mandarin and Eng lish. This enables them to have access to the Chinese market. And it’s easier for importers, exporters and investors to do business with ease. Ethnic Indonesian speaking people provides better access to the market in India. Singapore may be a small country but its diverse culture help to create a country that is able to thrive in a very competitive market. When considering doing business with them, note a few characteristics that are important aspects of completing business successfully. Non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal. Singaporeans rely on facial expressions, tones of voice, and posture when interacting with a business partner. And they really trust these non-verbal messages. Singaporeans rather say â€Å"I will try† or â€Å"I will see what I can  do† rather than say â€Å"no.† This is what they call saving face and maintaining harmony. They believe in silence. One should pause before responding to show actual thought has taken into consideration before answering. Greetings are based on age and ethnic origin also. Younger Singaporeans shake hands with everyone while older Singaporeans are more reserve. In Ethnic Chinese, men and women shake hands but it i s custom for the woman to extend her hand first. In Ethnic Malay, men shake hands with men but not with women. Muslim men do not touch women in public. It is more appropriate to use the â€Å"salaam† bowing of the head greeting Religion Most modern states have policies for the management of religion (Lin, 2012). For those with diverse religious communities, such as Singapore, the question of how to ensure the peaceful coexistence of various religions becomes an important challenge for the governments concerned. (Lin, 2012). In an effort to maintain social stability and political power, the government introduced various measures, such as the White Paper on Maintenance of Religious Harmony (January 1989) and the White Paper on Shared Values (Ping, 2012). The major religious denominations in Singapore are Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism. The origin of Christianity trace back to 1965 after Singapore gained its independence. English was the official language of Singapore, churches could easily communicate the gospel. Local laypeople and ministers became involved in establishing churches, Christian ministries and missionary schools. Missionary schools were established to produce the next generation of leaders. The National Council of churches was the first organization established to represent Christians. The Singapore Industrial Mission was established in 1966 to help promote the vision and the building of a viable human and mature community; to help the community to become a participant and creative community organized for the interest of all; and, to foster new social values that would help in cultivating inter-racial community understanding and solidarity (Goh, 2010). Today, Christianity still exists in Singapore with majority of the members being of Protestant denomination and the rest Catholic. Christianity is viewed as one of affluence, progressive value and an international flair. Buddhism originated in India when SiddhÄ rtha Gautama or Buddha went into meditation for 49 days and upon awakening, he had  complete insight into the cause of suffering and he knew the steps necessary to eliminate it. The Four Noble Truths became his teaching. They are: 1) there is suffering (dukkha), 2)there is a cause or origin of suffering (samudaya), 3) there is an end of suffering (nirodha), and 4) there is a path out of suffering (magga) which is the Noble Eightfold Path, (Ong and Chang, 2012). Buddha’s teaching are not just ethical guidelines but offer a grand insight into nature of reality. Buddhism, which was regarded as a newfound â€Å"religion†, became prevalent in the writings of travelers as well as philosophers and it was soon established as an academic discipline within various universities and colleges towards the close of the century, (Aljunied, (2005). Islam is a religion of peace, love, harmony, and tranquility for all human race (Tahir, 2012). The Almighty Allah revealed in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book, guidance of humankind. The main focus of all the teachings of prophets is on the creation of a virtuous being, (p. 120). In order to become a muslin, faith in all the prophets or a revealed book is nec essary. The first prophet was Hazrat Adams and Hazrat Muhammad is the last prophet revealed by the Almighty Allah. After World War II and Singapore gaining its independence, Muslims became a minority due to the separation. Muslims were deprived of many social advantages and prestige they were once accustomed to. Racist feelings began to form among the people. Muslims formed the Dar Al-Arqam society in an effort to confront the effects of the Christian missionaries who were trying to convert individual faiths. The Dar Al-Arqam was formed with the objective of having a place where the new Muslim converts could get together and develop the fraternal, religious and social relationships among themselves. Official Hinduism is dominated by Agamic, Shaivite precepts and practiced by the elite in Singapore, (Sebastian, 2008). Sinha has argued that a large number of Hindu reformist organizations have established a presence in Singapore since the 1970s and that many of the adherents of these organizations refer to themselves as Hindus but â€Å"redefine the category in doing so by assigning new meaning to it†, (Sebastian, 2008, p.75) They are considered a minority but make their presence known by holding public festivals, establishing temples, and locals have established what they call, Little I ndia. Today, there are many temples dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses. The Hindu Endowments Board and The Hindu Advisory Board are set up by the government  in order to monitor Hindu affairs. Values and Attitude, Ethics Singapore’s culture is based on Shared Values and Confucian Ethics. Asian cultures are distinguished by a set of values that include obedience to authority, intense allegiance to groups, and a submergence of individual identity. It is the state’s attempt to unite its people through the vision of a â€Å"shared fate.† The ideal of a shared fate is expressed by the state developing institutional and conceptual contexts in which different communities can foster ties and shared practices while preserving religious and cultural differences (Tan, 2012). Because of multiracialism in Singapore, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong created a vision of â€Å"Our Shared Values,† which are intended to be shared by all Singaporeans, regardless of ethnicity, religion, and other differences. The Shared Values consist of the following five broad principles: * nation before community and society before self * family as the basic unit of society * community support and respect for the individual * consensus, not conflict * racial and religious harmony Confucian is based on the same theory. Confucianism upholds the cardinal belief that every individual possesses the right to human dignity and equality (Tan, 2012). Education In 1997, National Education (NE) was added to the curriculum to strengthen the messages of moral and citizenship education, particularly those to do with young Singaporeans’ attitudes to the country. National Education takes the form of school activities distributed throughout the school year. Its messages are also incorporated in school subjects wherever appropriate, and comprise the following: Singapore is our homeland; this is where we belong; we must preserve racial and religious harmony; we must uphold meritocracy and incorruptibility; no one owes Singapore a living; we must ourselves defend Singapore; and we have confidence in our future, (Han, 2007; MOE, 2004a) How are these elements and dimensions integrated by locals conducting business in Singapore? Combating Corruption Understanding corruption is imperative for legal scholarship, both as an intellectual subject and because corruption impedes the operation of law in much of the world and inflicts damage on well-being, governance, and quality of life (Nichols, 2012, p.145). Corruption inflicts substantial damage to a nation. It weakens the government and causes poor decision making. It also affects the composition of the decision maker. Corruption causes economic fragility, it degrades the connection between the government and the people, and it degrades the quality of life. The Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index was developed by Johann Lambsdorff, and is used by specialist in order to find out how much corruption there is within a country. According to the index, Singapore scored 9.3 which means Singapore effectively is among those countries with the least amount of perceived corruption in the world (Nichols, 2012, p.151). Gender discrimination and job related outcomes When considering doing business in Singapore, expect to encounter female business partners. Female Singaporean business owners have at least 10 years schooling, while 35 percent held first or postgraduate degrees, 15 percent had professional or polytechnic qualifications and 50 percent had completed second;–level education (Ramon, Valerie, 1999). The five major factors which best motivate Singaporean female business owners in particular are: (1) the perceived presence of a business opportunity; (2) the desire to put their knowledge and skills into use; (3) the need for freedom and flexibility; (4) the desire to achieve personal growth and recognition; and (5) the need to make more money for financial independence (Ramon, Valerie, 1999; see also Teo, 1996). Although the Singaporean women choose to become members of the working population, society still expects the role of traditional women in the household to be played, particularly as wife and mother. The working women still f ace the conflict of work and family and despite the number of rising educational level and attainments, Singapore’s female managers are still fewer in number when compared to males. From a Confucian Perspective Singapore’s state vision, Shared Values, resemble Confucian values. How do they differ? Confucian does not recognize civil and political rights. Confucian upholds the idea that every individual possesses the right to human dignity and equality. For Confucians, social relationships are characterized by social positions, or roles, and social positions are defined in terms of obligations, (Nuyen, (2008). Confucian core teaching is the ethical idea of a noble person, the virtue of humanity, and the process of self-cultivation. Confucian values are group identity, duty consciousness, personal discipline, consensus formation, the priority of collective interests, and emphasis on education and pragmatism (Tan, 2012, p. 462). These values recognize cultural differences. From a Confucian perspective, shared values should not be regarded as a religion in the sense of being a faith system. Shared values should remain nonreligious. Many of Singaporeans religious teaching are compatible to Confucian. How do both of the above items compare with US culture and business? Communication Communication is one of the most important factors when considering doing business with Singapore. Due to the fact that English is the most common language spoken in Singapore, this has made conducting business with the United States easier. Understanding other factors will aid communicating with business partners. Communication differences can be found between the two countries. Singapore is a high-context country while the United States is considered a low-context country. In high-text, both the sender and the speaker are involved in the context and each are expected to interpret the conversation with ease. In low-text, what must be said, will be said. As I mentioned earlier, in Singapore, non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal. Singaporeans rely on facial expressions, tones of voice, and posture to understand someone who is conducting a business transaction. And they really trust these non-verbal messages. Americans prefer comparatively little touching and relatively large personal space. Singapore is a collective society and the United States is a highly individualistic society. Therefore, Singaporeans belong to in groups and rely on loyalty to between one another. In the United States, Americans look after themselves and their families. Communication between Singapore may be different but with interpretation and knowledge, a prosperous business relationship can be formed. Religion The major religion in the United States is Christianity. Singapore is very diverse. There are four major religions in Singapore, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Americans are becoming more tolerable of one another beliefs. Religion should not be a problem when doing business in Singapore because the United States is more tolerable of different religious beliefs. And with Singapore and the United States both identifying the freedom of religion, mutual respect should be given to any religious background. It is good practice to become familiar with religious backgrounds in order to conduct business more effectively. Ethics Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose; everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism pertains to societies in which people are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups from birth that continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (Hofstede 1980). Based on these theories, we assume that compared with individualist cultures, managers in collectivist cultures are relatively less likely to follow social norms such as honesty, integrity, and law obedience. When there is a conflict of interest between corporate insiders (the in-group) and outside investors (the out-group), managers may prefer corporate insider interests, resulting in higher agency costs in collectivist cultures (Zhang, X., Liang, X., & Sun, H., 2013). Values and Attitudes, Ethics When it comes to values and attitudes of Singaporeans and Americans, we must remember Singaporeans are group oriented and Americans are concerned with making a living for themselves. Singaporeans respect higher authority where Americans live by the saying, â€Å"liberty and justice for all.† Singapore’s first Shared Value principle is, â€Å"nation before community and society before self.† This is opposite of the American value system. American shared values consist of Americans working, talking about their achievements, and  earning monetary rewards. Education It is mandatory to attend school in the United States. It is mandatory for primary age students to attend school in Singapore. If the child does not attend school, it is a criminal offense. Both the United States and Singapore have primary, secondary, high school and education beyond graduation. Today, the United States government provides sponsorship for Singaporeans to attend schools in the United States. These students attend the most prestigious schools such as, Harvard, Cornell, and Stanford. Singaporeans are noticed for their high achievement in math and science. The United States government offer scholarships to outstanding Singapore students. The number of Singaporeans studying in the United States reflects that Singapore and the United States relationship could not be any better. Hofstede’s Analysis Using Hofstede’s cross cultural analysis model is one way to understand the difference in culture between Singapore and the United States. From 1967 to 1973 Geert Hofstede applied the subset of cultural dimensions to the field of business management, segregating them into independent areas to be further divided in order to get a more precise understanding, Satterlee, 2009, p. 56). He analyzed a data base of employee values from IBM which covered more than 70 countries. Hofstede included Power Distance Index, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, and Long-Term Orientation. Singapore scored higher in Power Distance Index. This means that members of organizations rely on their higher ups for authority rather than making decisions for themselves. Relationships are unequal between people. The United States scored higher in Individualism. Singapore is a collective society. The Americans are more concerned about individuals or themselves. Singapore scored in the mi ddle in the Masculinity Index but tends to lean more to the feminine side. This shows a modest, humble, and softer aspect of culture. The Uncertainty Avoidance Index is the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society. Singapore scored low. Singaporeans abide by the rules due to high PDI. Singapore has many fines. The Americans operate on the idea of freedom of expression and do not require a lot of rules and strict laws. The last dimension is  Long-Term Orientation. Long-term orientation refers to long-term versus short-term orientation toward the future, (Boonghee, Donthu, and Lenartowicz, 2013, p. 194). Singapore scored in the middle of this Index also. Singapore is showing an immense economic success. Singaporeans are showing a way to do things. The United States has seen signs of economic growth in Singapore and, by using Geert Hofstede’s five dimensions to further understand the country, business relations are sure to continue in the future. What are the implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in that region? Singapore and the United States are close strategic partners. Singapore is the United States’ 15th largest trading partner and 11th largest export market. United States investment in Singapore is over $116 billion and Singapore has $22 billion of foreign direct investment in th United States. Job creation and economic development in Singapore due to American companies using Singapore as a regional base for doing business. U.S. Trade with Singapore and ASEAN Singapore sees in the United States an economic partner and security ally that offers the most present value, hence motivating it to forge a free trade agreement as well as foster a military strategic partnership (Page, 2007). Economic conditions, an urgent demand for security, and fear of diplomatic isolation, are factors that lead to the United States and Singapore to put into effect the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA). There were other extenuating circumstances that also drove the United States and Singapore to sign the FTA, most notably their common frustration with the stalled multilateral trade liberalization during the WTO’s first decade; the sluggish progress in the regional economic integration within the respective free trade region of ASEAN and the Free Trade Area for the Americas; the inability of the 21 APEC members to come to binding terms as to the way the ambitious Bogor agenda can forge Pacific Basin economic integration; Singaporeâ€℠¢s desire to spur ASEAN cohorts to move faster with market opening; the US desire to bind the right of preferential access to the world’s largest market to Washington’s global security agenda;  and finally, ASEAN’s inability to keep political risk low to discourage capital flight (Page, 2007). The agreement was signed by the President of the United States, George Bush and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, May 2003 in Washington, DC. Both the United States and Singapore benefit from the signing of the FTA. With a population of 287.7 million and a per capita income of US$36,273, the United States can provide a strong economic stimulus which is badly needed during these times of sluggish regional growth and uncertainties (Tongzon, 2003). U.S. littoral combat ships (LCS) in Singapore In early 2012, US flexible basing in the region inched forward when the United States requested concurrence from Singapore to deploy up to four littoral combat ships (LCS) to Singapore by 2016 (Dalpino, 2012). The primary missions of the (LCS) are antisubmarine warfare, mine countermeasures and surface warfare against small boats. The Singapore military agreed to allow the naval ships to deploy in Singapore. The United States and Singapore navy will work together to finalize the process. Previously, Singapore had agreed to deploy two ships. Agreeing to deploy a total of four ships will strengthen U.S. engagement in the region. This is another strong in implication that the U.S. wants to conduct business in Singapore. U.S. Foreign Domestic Investment (FDI) Analysis Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. The investor’s purpose is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise (Journal of US-China Public Administration). While no standard percentage of ownership exists, most nations consider the threshold to be within the range of 10 to 25 percent. The US Department of Commerce’s FDI ownership is 10% (Satterlee, 119). Most companies seek out foreign investments as a way to gain a better return for their money. So, the company is looking to expand in global markets but what about the local economy? Do local firms benefit from FDI? Spillover effects and linkages play a key role in this determination. Spillover effects relate to increased productivity benefits of local firms and technology diffusion from multinational enterprise (MNEs) to the domestic economy. Up until the 70’s, attitudes toward MNEs were hostile. Governments have since changed their policies pertaining to investors entering the local markets due to the potentially positive impact of FDI. Governments attempt to attract FDI expecting to increase the productivity of local firms. Intangible assets, such as knowledge and technology are â€Å"spilled over† to local firms. It is believed that local firms benefit from superior knowledge of product or process technologies or markets without occurring a cost that exhausts the whole gain from the improvement (Asian Social Science, p.68). In addition, the Asian Social Science journal explains how MNEs set up direct linkages to suppliers when entering through FDI (Stephan, (2013). Linkages are non-equity relationships with suppliers or customers and are a crucial channel for knowledge diffusion. When MNEs enter the host country, local firms do not have knowledge about technical innovation or it may be too costly for them. This leads to locals feeling a sense of uncertainty, which is an example of knowledge confusion. Another example refers to the movement of labor. MNEs may provide more training for their employees and invest in staff development than local firms. This builds more human capital. The spillover occurs when these MNE employees move to other local firms and transfer their gained knowledge to loc al firms, increasing the local’s productivity. Another example of the spillover effect on locals refers to increased competition. When MNEs enter the market, local firms are forced to become more efficient. Local firms have to update their technology or use it more efficiently in order to become more competitive. This could yield productivity gains and also increase the speed of adoption of new technology. Increased competition can also lead to productivity losses for local firms. This article gives an example of how a study of 4000 Venezuelan companies that the productivity of wholly domestically owned firms decreases when FDI increases. The presence of MNEs lead to a loss of market share and referred to this loss as the â€Å"market stealing effect† of MNEs. The presence of MNEs may lead to crowding out of local firms. SWOT Analysis Strengths ? Singapore is the fifth least corrupt country in the world. ? Strikes and labor protests will remain rare, if not absent, for the foreseeable future. Weaknesses ? The government censors the media and limits the distribution of foreign publications. Opportunities ? Owing to the lack of progress at the WTO, the government has committed the country to sign 18 bilateral free trade agreements with 24 trading partners. ? Singapore has one of the best business operating environments in Asia. Threats ? The city-state has previously been identified as a target by Islamist militants from neighboring Indonesia and elsewhere, (Singapore Defence & Security Report, 2013). Conclusion As stated earlier, Singapore is known today as one of the most prosperous countries and boasts the world’s busiest port. It is clean and orderly, and since becoming an independent country, Singapore is one of the least corrupt countries in the world. It is a multi-racial, multi-lingual, and multi-religious society consisting of four major languages and four major religions. These factors aid in having successful business relation. By identifying cultural similarities and differences, Americans can benefit from the structure of the Singaporean family values. Americans are known for making money instead of building relationships and establishing strong social bonds. There is opportunity for economic growth within the Singaporean region. The United States has already recognized the prosperity within the region and has built on that knowledge. The United States and Singapore will continue to develop a better relationship in the future and form a solid base for amicable relations b etween the two countries. References Aljunied, S. (2005). Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles’ Discourse on the Malay World: A Revisionist Perspective. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 20(1), 1-22. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=bth&AN=17381757&site=ehost-live&scope=site Dalpino, C. (2012). US-southeast Asia relations: Conflict in the east; Opportunity in the west. Comparative Connections, 14(1), 57-67,152-153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030087243?accountid=12085 De Prato, Giuditta; Simon, Jean-Paul. (2013) Singapore, an Industrial Cluster and a Global IT Hub. 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