ABCs of Senior Year

ABCs of Senior Year Ageing: for all the all-nighters I can no longer pull off, and all the clubs I have gained access to. Brain and Cognitive Sciences:  aka Course 9, my new minor, because everyone should take at least one class about the Brain to appreciate humankind and the self. Cats: specifically, the 3 cats my hall welcomed this year (including two kittens!). Shadow, 9 weeks old (cared for and photographed by Kristen Y. 19) Drinks: I own 31 different teas, mostly decaf. I also currently own 6 flavors of seltzer and 2 flavors of kombucha. Wholesome. 8.02 (“Eight-oh-two”): the mostly-freshman GIR (General Institute Requirement) I can no longer postpone taking. Also the class that gave me a new friend and a renewed connection with an old friendâ€"no regrets over taking it as an upperclassman (plus, I can attend pset parties again!). Frosh (of First East): for the awesome people I hope never regret choosing MIT, or our hall. Although you will get hosed and jaded, and although the hell weeks may feel endless, I hope you’ll keep loving this place in the complicated, IHTFP, way just like the rest of us. Gun control: the subject of a blog post I really want to write to finally put my social science skills to good use. My major has taught me some important real-world stuff! Hell weeks: weeks when you are perpetually Hosed. Unclear if theyve happened to me this year because every week is an endless parade of job applications and engagements. You wake up, write an article about child cognitive development, finish your Gauss’ Law pset, attend an info session, apply to those 2 job positions that are due in an hour All in one senior evening. Next week, you might be doing that after an interview in New York. Interviews: you never know how they’re going to go. And you always want more of them. Jobz:  spelled with a “z” at the end to feel more casual. There’s a whole other set of ABCs associated with the job search process: applications, business cards, CareerBridge, coffee chats, cover letters, dinners, info sessions, interviews, networking, resumes… The process takes a whole 12 units out of my week, but, on the plus side, has definitely improved my social skills and dining etiquette. K: the typed affirmation you get when you and your friend have planned an awesome get-together. You’re getting burgers together or something. Letter grades: not important if you are, say, a Course 6 (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science). Important for people looking for jobz like me. Unfortunately, MIT classes have some whacky number scales: sometimes, the class average is a 40%. And you never know if a 68% on a test will get you a D+ or an A-. Morality, Neuroscience of: aka 9.46, the class that has expanded my view of mankind and invalidated all possible arguments against speciesism I heard in 24.03 (Food, Ethics and Politics of). Perhaps I’ll soon collect my thoughts on all that we learned, but for now, my mind is overloaded thinking about itself. Turns out, even political beliefs are highly heritable. And a tumor can, until removed, draw a perfectly reasonable adult into a life of crime. And the language we get asked the question in (native or second) can determine our moral judgement… It’s a lot. New York, NY: recently got flown to NYC for a second-round job interview. The company put us up in the Sheraton Hotel in Times Square and fed us at a $$$$ circus-themed French restaurant (I did not even know $$$$ restaurants existed!). The restaurant used to hold legendary status on New York streets, but apparently went close to bankrupt last winter after it hosted a $35,000 per plate fundraiser for Trumpâ€"that’s where they wined and dined us with the company’s top managers and directors. It was very fancy, and I met some fascinating people. First impressions of NYC: everyone moves really fast, but because everyone is moving, it ends up being very slow; also, Central Park is a stand-out oasis in the middle of a giant grid. Boston doesn’t have a grid, and that gives people much more space. I like Boston. Outings: I have started including meetings with friends in my Google Calendar. I also semi-purposefully buy extra clothing for a reason to go downtown (to return it). Results: health benefits of socialization and long walks. Political Science: aka  Course 17, my major. Shows you how to apply statistics to answer the world’s most fascinating questions. A hybrid of math and life. [Reuse]: the start of the subject line to the most valuable emails. From Reuse events and emails, I have gotten the following nice items in good condition: IKEA full-sized mattress+bed frame, air conditioner, leather couch, lounge chair, office chair, comforter, electric kettle, brand-name bags, shoes, and jeans, and a fancy men’s shaving kit. My room looks like that of a True Adult. Stop Our Silence [editors note: now called The F-Word]: the student group with an important mission: we aim to bring out underrepresented students’ voices on topics like gender, sexuality, consent, and their connections with culture, religion, and the MIT experience. ?We also put on the yearly production of The Vagina Monologues! ?People of all identities and beliefs are welcome. If you’re on campus, come meet us! If you’re not on campus, i will blog about SOS soon. Tapestry:  the beautiful piece of art on my wall that is covering up the splatter-painted “art” East Campus freshmen created during this year’s hall rush. What is on the tapestry is the closest the artist could come to painting a scene from Disney’s Tangled without incurring Disney’s wrath. It is beautiful, and I have the freshmen’s mess  to thank for that. (H)ULU: alphabetically, it’s a stretch, I know, but I currently have a Hulu tab open in my browser and the us are very distracting. Also, cant deny that video streaming services have been an important part of my life (sorry, Ben Jones #24). But now that all the (trash) CW shows new seasons are starting, at least I can watch them with friends! (The) Vagina Monologues: hopefully, not just about vaginas this year (not that the play ever was). I’m now the president of SOS, the group that puts on VagMo, and we want to hear about all kinds of people’s experiences with personal identity. Women’s and Gender Studies: my soon-to-be second minor, and the department with the best class-to-UROP ratio (took two WGS classes, got two UROPs!). Also, WGS majors and minors regularly go to free delicious pizza dinners together and have access to HBO, Hulu, and Netflix in the departments lounge. WGS is almost dangerously welcoming! Xtra effort: for, besides trying to come up with a word that starts with “x,” the effort I’ve been putting into time management and sleep schedule regulation this year. Is it working? To be continued Yes: what I’ve been trying to say to new experiences this year. It’s my last year at MIT, possibly in Boston, and I want to catch up on all those friend/blogger/student/peer resolutions that will expire too soon. Zzzzs: aka sleep, or that thing that I was supposed to have before I finished my literature review, but this blog post idea kept buzzing in my head. Good night! Notice a letter missing? It’s Q for Questions! This Thursday, 10/26, 7-9pm, I will host an AMA right here on the blogs! Comment on this post below or on Facebook, email me, or comment in real time on the post that will go up at 7pm on Thursday. I will share my perspectives on the MIT application process, social sciences, academics, life, the universe, and everything! Note: this blog post was inspired by Selam G.s 18 Some F Words. Post Tagged #8.02 Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism #cats #Course 17 - Political Science #Course 9 - Brain and Cognitive Sciences #East Campus #FAQs #Vagina Monologues #WGS - Women's and Gender Studies

Impact Of Fossil Fuels On Our Planet - 1787 Words

THE IMPACT FOSSIL FUELS HAVE ON OUR PLANET Oil reserves are found all over the world. Some reserves produced more oil than others. Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, and China are the top oil producing countries (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). Petroleum is produced in 31 states throughout the United States (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). Texas, Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Oklahoma are the states that produce the most petroleum (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). It is used to fuel most cars in the United States, but petroleum is also used to make many more products that we use on a daily basis (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). A majority of petroleum is turned into an energy source. Petroleum can be used to make heating oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and propane, in addition to making gasoline (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). It can also be turned into petrochemical feedstock, which is derived from petroleum principally for the manufacturing of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and plastics (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). It is used to make many common household products, such as crayons, dishwashing liquids, deodorant, eyeglasses, tires, and ammonia (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). The United States need for petroleum surpasses the amount it can produce; meaning, a majority of our oil (roughly 60 percent) must be imported from foreign countries (U.S. Department of Energy, 2013). Canada is the country we import the most oil from, followed by SaudiShow MoreRelatedFossil Fuels And Renewable Energy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate are at fossil fuels and renewable energy. Energy efficiency is arguably the most dire concern facing the planet, because it significantly impacts all areas of everyday life. Common ground can be found in this controversy because both parties do agree that humans have a responsibility to future generations. That responsibility is to preserve the resources of the Earth, while offering this generation energy that is affordable and accessible. Many people contend that fossil fuels, while beingRead MoreEssay on Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels518 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Impact of Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels cause pollution, smog, and the greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels really do negatively impact our environment, especially when it comes to global warming, Although there is controversy over whether or not fossil fuels are causing the planet to warm, or whether it is warming naturally, there is significant research that supports the former hypothesis. When fossil fuels are burned, they emit different levels of carbonRead MoreEssay about Energy and the Environment: Fossil Fuels511 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Environment: Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are one of the most important things on this planet to the human race. Without fossil fuels we wouldnt have todays current means of transportation, we would have less heating for the general population, energy uses would be more expensive, and overall the economy and the world would not be able to sustain themselves. Even still, the fact that fossil fuels are on this planet will never change, but how we use them and what impacts their use has willRead MoreThroughout The Course Of The Years, The World Has Been1306 Words   |  6 Pagesdetrimental factors. Many of these detrimental factors include fossil fuels and pollution are having a negative impact on our planet. Luckily, engineers have developed new and innovative technology that can potentially help lessen pollution and other detrimental factors. Green technology has the immense potential to generate a new method to help produce a less toxic environment ( What Is Green Technology ). Our world is slowly decaying as a result of our human actions everyday. Yet, what if specific technologyRead MoreFossil Fuels : The Global Energy Problem1352 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract For the past 100 years, fossil fuels have been the cornerstone of the world energy production. Oil is the most notable fossil fuel; however, coal and natural gas are also mainstream. Since global warming is the most important environmental problem the world faces and the cause is from greenhouse gases, many look to renewable energy resources to resolve the environment and energy crisis. The Global Energy Problem For many years, the world has been in an ongoing debate andRead MoreNew And Alternative Sources Of Energy1311 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy. *The shadow of our presence on this planet is a result of generations upon generations of production and utilization of energy*. New and alternative sources of energy are being developed to replace the declining accessibility of coal and fossil fuels. Use of renewable energy is a key component in combatting the climate change that has become a major issue in the 21st century. Reducing our impact on the climate as a result of greenhouse gas emissions will not only benefit our generation, but countlessRead MoreHuman Activities Have A Impact On Climate Change978 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change Human activities have a notable impact on climate change. The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict. Scientists say that climate change is a strong threat to humanity and there are a number of reasons why this threat has arisen . For example, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and risers sea levels. Very important for humanity, scientific organizations such as the National Academy of Science, the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1333 Words   |  6 PagesEver since the Earth was made approximately four and a half billion years ago, the formation of fossil fuels from decayed plants and animals have been a burden upon the planet. Coal, for example, was the first fossil fuel to become the main energy source in the United States to replace the low-energy firewood during the second half of the nineteenth century. Although coal was beneficial for the industrial age of the United States, it had its drawbacks. These drawbacks included the emissions of CarbonRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1215 Words   |  5 PagesIf too much CO2 has escaped into our atmosphere can’t we just find ways to remove it? If it was that easy we would, but unfortunately it isn’t, nor is it cheap. Over the last century the human induced burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, increased the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, causing human induced climate changeRead MoreWhat Are Fossil Fuels?1387 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain what fossil fuels are exactly. Also how they are non- renewable, meaning that they indeed will run out one day, and there is no way how to replenish the supply after it is gone. Fossil fuels are natural fuels such as coal or gas, these fuels formed in the geologi cal past from the remains of microscopic plants and ancient animals like dinosaurs that lived and died millions of years ago. The plants and animals or (diatoms) absorbed energy that came from the biggest star in our universe, this

Columbus And The New World Essay - 1136 Words

Many history books have groped on the idea that it was Columbus who discovered the America’s, saved the Indians, and is the reason why the United States is as diverse and great As we know it is today. What most scholars, historians, and author’s of history books in the Past have neglected to inform people, was that Columbus was never in search of The America’s when he set voyage, in hopes of finding the Indies for Spain in 1492. In order to understand the facts of Columbus â€Å"Discovering† The â€Å"New World†, we must first look at what was established prior to settlers arriving and Interacting with the Native Americans upon making first contact. The theories on how Native American’s ended up in the America’s ranges from a variety of myths, theories, and Stories that all seem logical in their own sense. (History Book: 1.1 Questions of Origins) â€Å"Like All other peoples, the varied Native American societies retain rich accounts of their own Origins.† All tribes across America have their own creation story on how they came about in This life and specifically the land they occupy. (History Book: 1.1) â€Å"We emerged from the earth, Created by other animals, or received life from the Great Spirit†. From the beginning, Scientists have ridiculed what they couldn’t Understand, or prove. They rejected our own beliefs on how we came to occupy this land, and Simply implied their ownShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus And The New World1554 Words   |  7 Pagesnobles. Many sailors at this time tried to find new routes to these places to get there faster, but Christopher Columbus had a completely new and perilous way to get to the East Indies. Christopher Columbus suffered many lengthy years trying to obtain approval of royals around Europe, but finally Spain agreed after being rejected once before by the Spanish. In 1492, Christopher Columbus made his first of many consequential voyages to the New World with the help of the King and Queen of Spain, FerdinandRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The New World847 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in 1451, in his childhood, Columbus is a boy has proved to be a sea charm and ambition want to become sailors. Columbus hired to work on a sailing ship in the convent and then the Columbus expedition begins. On day, in the early morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus mar iners stepped ashore an island in America, a land that no one known. This is a historic event, it was a prelude to understanding the New World, and led to the proliferation of western civilizationRead MoreChristopher Columbus : The New World964 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue, correct? Actually, class it is incorrect. I know your teachers in the past have taught you this numerous times. You learned that Christopher Columbus discovered the America’s which had been previously known as the New World. Also that Columbus was a hero and that is why every year the second Monday in October we celebrate Columbus Day for all the amazing things he did! Unfortunately, everything you have been taught has not been the truth. But do not worry kids;Read MoreChristopher Columbus And The New World1579 Words   |  7 PagesAugust 3rd, 1492, Christopher Columbus would depart from Spain in efforts to reach the New World and to try to colonize it. December 5th, of the same year, Columbus would arrive to an island in the Caribbean, which he proceeded to claim and call â€Å"La Espanola† (Hispaniola). More Spaniards came to the island to colonize it and create a plantation economy because the island was so rich and diverse in their resources. Nearly 200 years later, when France became a major European power, the French decidedRead MoreThe New World By Christopher Columbus1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe New World opened many opportunities to the Europeans. Although everyone country that came to America wanted to conquer land, they also had many different motives on what they wanted The New World to provide for them. The Spanish, French, and British all had different motives for conquering The New World, while some worked and some didn’t. The Spanish were the first to settle in The New World. Christopher Columbus, who was part of the Spanish voyage, was the first person to discover America.Read MoreChristopher Columbus s The New World1194 Words   |  5 PagesAs Christopher Columbus takes the Atlantic Ocean by sail, many scholars take him as to be the â€Å"First† European traveler to have set both feet on the ground of the Americas. As Columbus reaches land on October 12,1492, he first sets foot in the Bahamas, on an island he claims â€Å"San Salvador†. While on the island, Columbus successfully takes control of the land and its â€Å"habitant† people, with the support of the Spanish. When Columbus writes the letter to Luis de Santangel, the minister of finance forRead MoreChristopher Columbus s The New World1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Federal holiday of ‘Christopher Columbus Day’ is celebrated on the second Monday of October because of Columbus’s ‘discoveriesâ€⠄¢ of the Americas in the New World. What most people do not know is that Christopher Columbus’s intentions were only for the betterment of himself. Columbus was a devout Catholic and could have been looking to spread the word of God to the ‘Indies’, his main goal was to find a water route from Europe to the West Indies. How did Christopher Columbus’s motives impact theRead MoreChristopher Columbus Discovered The New World851 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the â€Å"New World.† After his discovery many other explorers and missionaries from Europe explored, and eventually settled in America. By 1700 the Anglo population in the English colonies in America reached two hundred and fifty thousand (Carlisle and Golson, 2006, p.233). This was the first time European settlers came into contact with American indigenous people. Europeans were shocked and confused when observing the Native Americans. In Europe at this timeRead M ore Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 PagesColumbus and the New World Discovery October 12, 1992, marks the five-hundredth anniversary of the most crucial of all encounters between Europe and the Americas. In the contemporary global mood, however, the quincentennial of Christopher Columbuss landing in the New World - new, anyway, to the European intruders; old and familiar to its inhabitants - seems an occasion less for celebration than for mediation. Indeed, in some quarters the call is for penitence and remorse. Christopher ColumbusRead MoreChristopher Columbus A Hero And Founder Of The New World1569 Words   |  7 PagesWas Christopher Columbus a hero and founder of the new world or villainous destroyer of indigenous people? There is much controversy and debate around this man. Many people believe that Columbus’s discoveries were falsified or over exaggerated and that his misdeeds are left untold. Others believe that he was a great explorer and was responsible for the discovery and shaping of the new world. Is Christopher Columbus the brave explorer who ushered in the â€Å"age of exploration†, or was he the brutal and

A Call from the Lower Middle Class Free Essays

Most people belonging to the lower middle class are usually those who have a little degree of education and acquire basic office and clerical jobs. A rising issue on the division of classes is the abolishment of the lower middle class and the threat of more lower classes to evolve. Thus, in order to save the lower middle class, their needs as well as priorities must be considered and given enough attention. We will write a custom essay sample on A Call from the Lower Middle Class or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the basic needs of people belonging to the said class is health care. Due to the high cost of obtaining a health insurance, only limited people are able to access to an assured quality health care. Another need that should be considered is the opportunities for high wage jobs. The salary that the lower middle class gain from their works is not sufficient especially for those who already have a family. Such salary will be allocated to the everyday budget of his family. With the continuously increasing prices of the necessary commodities, the allocation of a low wage salary would be difficult. Some of the supposedly basic necessities for the family might be disregarded and sending their children to college might also arise as a problem. With regards to education on the tertiary level, an affordable college education must be provided. Reduced cost of education for those belonging to the lower middle class families would mean great importance and assistance. Â  Provision of scholarship programs is also a solution for the problem in education. The issue on education must be given priority since this process prepares the next generation for a better job. In the long run, if the education would be adequate, then the threat for the demolition of the lower middle class will no longer exist. Other needs of the lower middle class that must be considered concerns provision of low housing programs, reduced tax payment and an improve retirement security. The said social class must not be taken in for granted because they take part in the development of the economic growth of the country. The progress of the lower middle class is a means to reflect the condition of the state’s economy. Reference Strengthening the Middle Class. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from http://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/middleclass/ How to cite A Call from the Lower Middle Class, Essay examples

Theories about International Relations

Introduction International relations may be defined as the increased interaction between countries, states, government and individuals on the global front. International relation can also be defined as the study of relationships between various states, non-governmental organizations, individuals and multinational companies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories about International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These interactions can either be interaction in public policy or academic interactions. A theory can be defined as a school of thought or an explanation as to why something exists. Critical theories of international relations will always give the various thoughts about the idea of international relations (Baylis, Smith Owen, 2007). The theories will criticize and provide both the positive and the negative side of international relations. There are various theories and school of thought rega rding international relations. Some of the theories are for the idea of increasing and promoting international relations while other theories criticize the idea of international relations. There are various theories of international relations which include the following; Epistemology and IR theory, Positivist theory, leadership theories and reflectivist theories. All the above theories provide an explanation and a different opinion about the idea of international relation theory (Jà ¸rgensen, 2010). This essay is going to critically evaluate the statement whether we need theories of international relations or not. The paper is also going to evaluate the various available schools of thought about the international relations concept.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background information As earlier stated, international relations is the study of interactions between compa nies, governments, multinational companies and individuals on the global front. With every idea or concept, there exists a school of thought which can be against or for the idea. International relations concept is not an exemption (Baylis, Smith Owen, 2007). There are various ideas and concepts that explain the whole concept of international relations. Some of these schools of thoughts are against the idea of international relations while other schools of thought are for the idea of international relations. International relations should not be mistakenly used as referring to the globalization. International relations and globalization are two different and distinct concepts (Anna, 2010). Traditional theories of international relations are the various schools of thought that criticize the political status and the theoretical aspect on the international front. Traditional theories of international relations are grouped into two broad categories which include are; the positivist and the post-positivist. The positivist theories include the following; realism theory, idealism theory, neoliberalism theory and regime theory. The post-positivist include the following theories; international society theories, social constructivism, Marxism and critical theories. Discussion Traditional theories of international relations. As earlier stated, there exists various theories which include the following; epistemology theories, Positivist theories, leadership theories, post-positivist theories.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories about International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The above theories and school of thoughts have different and varied perspective about the concept and idea of International relations (Beeson Bisley, 2010). Epistemology theories Epistemology theories basically are concerned with the political aspect of international relations. The theory focuses on the interna tional relations in terms of political size of the various countries, their military forces as well as the balancing of power among the different states. The theory puts more emphasis on how power should be exercised among the various states (Little Smith, 2006). Positivist theories There are various positivist theories that explain the international relations concept. The various positivist theories include the following; realism theory, idealism theory, neoliberalism theory and regime theory (Schoenbaum, 2006). The realism theory is basically concerned with the security and power distribution as an international relations concept. The proponents of these theories pointed to the fact that states are self-centered and will always seek power in order to guarantee their safety. The theory states that the only way to guarantee states security is by having increased interaction among the various states. The theory also notes that a state of war is triggered by a self –interest m otive. For example, the theory gives the reason of self-interest as the major reasons why World War was initiated (Baylis Smith Owen, 2007). The liberalism theory emerged after the World War II as a result of the inability of the various states to control war. The theory points out to the fact that international relations should foster peace, harmony and economic gains among the various states.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More War in a country is detrimental since it is destructive and undermines the promotion of these values on the global front. The theory focused on human rights, and states that international relation should seek to promote and advance the various human rights (Dunne, Kurki Smith, 2010). The neo-liberalism theory is an updated version of the liberalism theory. The theory purports that the parties involved in international relations are mostly the various states globally. The theory does not refute the fact that intergovernmental and non-state actors also play a role in international relations. The theory states that various governments have the full autonomy of making their own choices and the way they conduct their policies. The state can conduct their policies in whatever manner they like without any interference from international organizations (Goldstein, 2009). The theory also has an economic aspect about international relations. The theory states that there should be a free inter national market and open markets. The theory also points that there should be a reduced monopoly in the international markets and governments should do whatever they can to stop market monopoly. The proponents of the theory state that international relations should foster the development of various institutions on the global front (Dunne, Kurki Smith, 2010). The regime theory borrows some of its ideologies and principles from the liberalism theory. The theory states that international institutions will always affect how states behave on the global front. The theory argues that regimes are created due to increased international relations. The theory points out that there is increased cooperation among various states despite the presence of anarchy. The theory notes that this instance of cooperation in trade, human rights and security among the various states constitutes a regime. The theory also notes that the main essence of international relation is to create convergence of ideas and expectations (Beate, 2010). Post- Positivist Theory There are various post-positivist theories that explain the international relations theory. Post-positivist theories are considered as theories that are based on the ideology that the social world cannot in any manner be studied in an objective and a value free manner. There are various theories that are classified as post-positivist theories. They include the following theories; international society theories, social constructivism, Marxism and critical theories. The international society theory is also known as the English theory. The theory is mainly concerned with the various values and norms that the states should promote and how such values and norms regulate the international relations of various states. Such norms and values include the following; international law, order and diplomacy among states. The theory states that international relation should promote and international society made up of several norms and values (Mowat, 1966). The social constructivism theory is basically based on the role of ideation, structure and the agents of international relations. The social constructivism theory states that there must be some social guidelines that will guide the state and various actors and players in the international relations front. The theory states that in order to have better international relations, the states and key players should promote the ideation concept. The critical theory basically puts more emphasis on the concept of political freedom in international relations. The theory states that there must be a complete liberation of individuals from the states. There must be a political emancipation of individuals from the states. This will eventually create political freedom and enhance peaceful international relations (Tim, 2010). The Marxism theory states that international relations is not based on state conflict or cooperation. Marxist suggests that international relation exists to fo ster economic and material aspects. The theory point out that economy is the key factor in promoting international relations. The theory states that, various states will always seek for international relations because they are seeking political mileage (Weber, 2009). Leadership theories There are two main leadership theories which explain the concept of international relations. The two main theories include the following; interest group perspective and the strategic perspective. The interest group perspective theory proposes that different states act according to the needs of the people within it. The theory gives example of interest groups as political groups, human rights groups, military and the corporate sector. The theory states that these groups will always dictate the exercise of state powers within a state (Wilkinson, 2010). The strategic group theory indicates that individuals should be solely held responsible for their actions. It states that individuals choose their actio ns depending on how other individuals will respond to their actions. The theory also notes that individuals will always act in order to satisfy their own individual’s interests. Post structuralist theory The theory has a traditional approach towards the concept of international relation. The theory also examines how the traditional concepts such as agencies and power shape the international relations concept. The theory also looks at the traditional narratives and their role in shaping international relations. For example, the theory looks at the role of women in the society and how the gender group has always been portrayed as â€Å"civilians† and â€Å"innocent victims† during the times of war (Linda, 2010). Critical theories of international relations. Critical theory of international relation was first propagated by the Frankfurt school in the 1980’s. The theory studies the underlying social structures in international relations and how to overcome su ch social structures. Critical theory emerged following the emergence and spread of the traditional theories which became so popular How critical theories criticizes other theories Critical theories and positivism Positivism basically empathizes on real knowledge and the modern science concept. The theory states that knowledge is universal and is based on observation of facts. Critical theory objects the positivism theory in two ways. Firstly positivist failed to recognize the attention in the control of things because it was based on its own ideas. Secondly, the theory ideology and dogma of treating facts as ‘given’ basically implied abstracting them from the totality which shaped them. Critical theory and post- Marxism Post- Marxism largely dwelt on the idea that humans being can be liberated from historical happenings and circumstances. The theory also asserts to the importance of controlling the means of production as the main cause of international relations. Criti cal theory refutes this fact because oppression is not caused by dominance in the means of production alone. Other forms of oppression exist like those based on gender, nationalism, ethnicity or religion. Importance of critical theory Critical theories of international relations are very important because of the various reasons. The theory is built around various concepts which include the following; democracy, liberation and justice and equality. The critical theories emphasize more about the unjust and lack of equality among the current states international relations. The theory tries to identify the various sources of inequality and injustices and addresses them (Donnelly, 2000). The critical theory also emphasizes on the emancipation and liberation of human beings from forms of oppression through self-reflection. The theory also fosters democracy on the global front. The theory also criticizes the capitalist forms of democracy that was being propagated by the traditional theorie s. The theory emphasizes on the establishment of a radical democracy (Rochester Pearson, 1997). Conclusion In conclusion, there are various theories that explain the existence and importance of international relations. The theories give an overview of the whole idea of international relations. From the various theories, an individual is able to know the various reasons why international relation exists and then apply the varied reasons to their specific case. However the theories are not a valid explanation to the whole idea of international relation. International relation is a multi-faceted concept and various ideas, scenarios and applications should be considered before coming up with a concrete explanation of international relations. International relation is caused by a number of factors, and the factors will always vary depending with the various scenarios. Hence, the above theories should not be solely used as the only way, and schools of thought the explain international re lations. Reference List Anna, S. 2010.†Missing the target NGO’s, global civil society†, Journal of  International relations and development, Vol. 15 (3) Baylis, J., Smith, S. Owen, P., 2007. The Globalization of World Politics: An  Introduction to International Relations. Oxford: Oxford university press. Beate, J. 2010. â€Å"Critique in a time of liberal world order†, Journal of international  relations and development, Vol. 15 (3) Beeson, M. Bisley, N., 2010. Issues in 21st Century World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Donnelly, J., 2000. Realism and international Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunne, T., Kurki, M. Smith, S., 2010. International Relations Theories: Discipline and  Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goldstein, J., 2009. International Relations. Harlow: Pearson Education. Jà ¸rgensen, K., 2010. International Relations Theory. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Little, R. Smith, M., 2006. Perspectives on World P olitics. London: Routledge. Linda, B. 2010. â€Å"Liberal internationalism and laws vs. liberty paradox†, Journal of  International relations and development, Vol. 15 (3) Mowat, R., 1966. International Relations. New York: Books for Libraries Press. Rochester, J. Pearson, F., 1997. International relations: the global condition in the  Twenty century. New York: McGraw- Hill. Schoenbaum, T., 2006. International relations: the path not taken: Using international  Law to promote world peace and security. New York: Cambridge University press. Tim, M. 2010. â€Å"The liberal renaissance and the ends of history†, Journal of  International relations and development, Vol. 15 (3) Weber, C., 2009. International Relations Theory: A critical introduction. London: Taylor Francis. Wilkinson, P., 2010. International Relations: New York: Sterling Publishing. This essay on Theories about International Relations was written and submitted by user Camryn Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hyphen Puzzles

Hyphen Puzzles Hyphen Puzzles Hyphen Puzzles By Maeve Maddox A reader sent me six phrases and asked how I would hyphenate them: 1. Anti money laundering laws 2. Non English speaking students 3. Ex editor in chief 4. Pre Anglo Saxon period 5. Pro self sustaining agenda 6. Post so called apocalypse 1. Anti money laundering laws A glance at legal and financial sites show a preference for â€Å"anti-money laundering laws†: The  Supreme Court of Canada  on Friday  struck down  part of the nations anti-money laundering and terrorist financing law pertaining to lawyers, on the grounds that the legislation infringed on lawyers duty to their clients.- Jurist (online legal news and research service). History of Anti-Money Laundering Laws- US Department of the Treasury, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. Anti-Money Laundering Template- FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) This punctuation strikes me as odd because the laws are not against money (anti-money), but against money-laundering. I would go with â€Å"anti-money-laundering laws† or â€Å"anti money-laundering laws.† Although chiefly a prefix, anti can stand alone as an adjective. 2. Non English speaking students This is straightforward enough. The students do not speak English; therefore, they are â€Å"non-English-speaking students. A rule applies here: when a prefix precedes a capitalized word, a hyphen is required. 3. Ex editor in chief My choice is to go with AP style and write â€Å"ex-editor-in-chief.† If Merriam-Webster is your guide, you’d write â€Å"ex-editor in chief.† 4. Pre Anglo Saxon period If I had occasion to write such a phrase, I’d hyphenate it â€Å"pre-Anglo-Saxon period.† Anglo-Saxon is hyphenated to begin with, and the prefix precedes a capitalized word. 5. Pro self sustaining agenda This is an ugly phrase that I would avoid if possible. I might write â€Å"pro-self-sustaining agenda† or â€Å"pro self-sustaining agenda.† Like anti, pro can be used as an adjective as well as a prefix. 6. Post so called apocalypse I don’t understand what this phrase is supposed to mean. The prefix post conveys the idea of after or following. The qualifier so-called is applied to a term to indicate that the thing so qualified is not entitled to be called by that term. For example, â€Å"Your so-called dissertation is only three pages long.† A dissertation, written or delivered orally, is by definition lengthy. The word apocalypse has more than one meaning. If its meaning in this phrase is â€Å"a disaster resulting in irreversible damage to human society or the environment on a global scale,† it’s difficult to see how the use of so-called is applicable. If such an apocalypse has occurred, then it should be clear that it was the real thing. The word apocalypse can also mean revelation or disclosure, but I can’t think of an example in which the phrase â€Å"post so-called apocalypse† would make sense. The phrase could take two hyphens: â€Å"post-so-called apocalypse.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowWriting the CenturyJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar

Correcting Other Peoples Grammar A suggestion . . . dont do it. Every once in a great while, a typo or grammatical error appears in the newsletter. I have a wonderful proofreader, and, between us, we comb the newsletter each week. But hey, sometimes when the stars align and we both have a bad week, an item slips There is little more insulting than for someone who never offers positive feedback, to smugly tell someone that their grammar is wrong. Let me explain why. 1) Once the words are said and/or published, they cannot be taken back, regardless of how noble the criticism. You did wrong, becomes more the message. 2) Rather than educate the person (as the critic often states is their motive), theyve insulted them. Unless the critic is personally close to the individual, their criticism will be considered  critical, not enlightening. 3) The critic is remembered as a critic. They are burning a bridge. 4) The mistake might be a one-time thing. Better to wait and identify a trend rather than pounce on a happenstance slip. Critics will often begin their assessment with one of the following remarks: 1) I normally love your work, but this mistake bothered me 2) You are normally keener than this, but I couldnt help but notice 3) I used to be an English teacher/bestselling novelist/editor/term paper grader and cannot help myself 4) Sorry, but Ive always been fanatical about grammar, and I couldnt help but notice If its not repetitious, dont do it. Even then, think twice. Trust me; you arent remembered in a fond light. A week ago, a gentleman wrote about using THEIR as a singular pronoun, stating that I made a mistake. Then he downplayed it, joking, typing in jumbled up, misspelled words  that he wasnt necessarily a professional but just wanted to bring it to my attention. My response was that I dont correct other people. Once something is published, it cannot be undone. However, since he opened that door, I wanted to cite places that use/endorse/explain using THEIR in a singular context. In return, he got mad for being corrected and unsubscribed. Just think twice before correcting someone else. We arent always so perfect ourselves.